GRI 305: EMISSIONS 2016 GRI 305 Contents Introduction 3 GRI 305: Emissions 5 1. Management approach disclosures 5 2. Topic-specific disclosures 7 Disclosure 305-1 Direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions 7 Disclosure 305-2 Energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions 9 Disclosure 305-3 Other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions 11 Disclosure 305-4 GHG emissions intensity 13 Disclosure 305-5 Reduction of GHG emissions 14 Disclosure 305-6 Emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) 15 Disclosure 305-7 Nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides (SOX), and other significant air emissions 17 Glossary 18 References 21 About this Standard Responsibility This Standard is issued by the Global Sustainability Standards Board (GSSB). Any feedback on the GRI Standards can be submitted to standards@globalreporting.org for the consideration of the GSSB. Scope GRI 305: Emissions sets out reporting requirements on the topic of emissions. This Standard can be used by an organization of any size, type, sector or geographic location that wants to report on its impacts related to this topic. Normative This Standard is to be used together with the most recent versions of the following references documents. GRI 101: Foundation GRI 103: Management Approach GRI Standards Glossary In the text of this Standard, terms defined in the Glossary are underlined. Effective date This Standard is effective for reports or other materials published on or after 1 July 2018. Earlier adoption is encouraged. Note: This document includes hyperlinks to other Standards. In most browsers, using ‘ctrl’ + click will open external links in a new browser window. After clicking on a link, use ‘alt’ + left arrow to return to the previous view. 2 GRI 305: Emissions 2016 Introduction A. Overview An organization then selects from the set of topic- specific GRI Standards for reporting on its material This Standard is part of the set of GRI Sustainability topics. These Standards are organized into three series: Reporting Standards (GRI Standards). These Standards 200 (Economic topics), 300 (Environmental topics) and are designed to be used by organizations to report 400 (Social topics). about their impacts on the economy, the environment, and society. Each topic Standard includes disclosures specific to that topic, and is designed to be used together with The GRI Standards are structured as a set of GRI 103: Management Approach, which is used to interrelated, modular standards. The full set can be report the management approach for the topic. downloaded at www.globalreporting.org/standards/. GRI 305: Emissions is a topic-specific GRI There are three universal Standards that apply to every Standard in the 300 series (Environmental organization preparing a sustainability report: topics). GRI 101: Foundation GRI 102: General Disclosures GRI 103: Management Approach B. Using the GRI Standards and making claims There are two basic approaches for using the GRI GRI 101: Foundation is the starting point for using Standards. For each way of using the Standards there the GRI Standards. It has essential information is a corresponding claim, or statement of use, which on how to use and reference the Standards. an organization is required to include in any published materials. Figure 1 Overview of the set of GRI Standards 1. T  he GRI Standards can be used as a set to prepare a sustainability report that is in accordance with Foundation Starting point the Standards. There are two options for preparing for using the a report in accordance (Core or Comprehensive), GRI Standards depending on the extent of disclosures included in GRI the report. 101 Universal An organization preparing a report in accordance Standards with the GRI Standards uses this Standard, General Management GRI 305: Emissions, if this is one of its material topics. Disclosures Approach GRI GRI 2. S elected GRI Standards, or parts of their content, 102 103 can also be used to report specific information, without preparing a report in accordance with To report contextual To report the the Standards. Any published materials that use information about management approach an organization for each material topic the GRI Standards in this way are to include a ‘GRI-referenced’ claim. See Section 3 of GRI 101: Foundation for more Economic Environmental Social information on how to use the GRI Standards, Topic- specific and the specific claims that organizations are Standards GRI GRI GRI required to include in any published materials. 200 300 400 Select from these to report specific disclosures for each material topic GRI 305: Emissions 2016 3 C. Requirements, recommendations and guidance As a result, different national and international regulations and incentive systems, such as emissions The GRI Standards include: trading, aim to control the volume and reward the reduction of GHG emissions. Requirements. These are mandatory instructions. In the text, requirements are presented in bold font The reporting requirements for GHG emissions in this and indicated with the word ‘shall’. Requirements are Standard are based on the requirements of the ‘GHG to be read in the context of recommendations and Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard’ guidance; however, an organization is not required to (‘GHG Protocol Corporate Standard’) and the ‘GHG comply with recommendations or guidance in order Protocol Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting to claim that a report has been prepared in accordance and Reporting Standard’ (‘GHG Protocol Corporate with the Standards. Value Chain Standard’). These two standards are part of the GHG Protocol developed by the World Resources Recommendations. These are cases where a particular Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council on course of action is encouraged, but not required. In the Sustainable Development (WBCSD). text, the word ‘should’ indicates a recommendation. The GHG Protocol has established a classification of Guidance. These sections include background GHG emissions called ‘Scope’: Scope 1, Scope 2 and information, explanations and examples to help Scope 3. The GHG emissions standard published by the organizations better understand the requirements. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ‘ISO 14064’, represents these classifications of Scope An organization is required to comply with all applicable with the following terms: requirements in order to claim that its report has been • Direct GHG emissions = Scope I prepared in accordance with the GRI Standards. See GRI 101: Foundation for more information. • Energy indirect GHG emissions = Scope 2 • Other indirect GHG emissions = Scope 3 D. Background context In this Standard, these terms are combined in the following way, as defined in the Glossary section: In the context of the GRI Standards, the environmental • Direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions dimension of sustainability concerns an organization’s impacts on living and non-living natural systems, including • Energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions land, air, water and ecosystems. • Other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions GRI 305 addresses emissions into air, which are Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) the discharge of substances from a source into the The ozone layer filters out most of the sun’s biologically atmosphere. Types of emissions include: greenhouse gas harmful ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation. Observed and (GHG), ozone-depleting substances (ODS), and nitrogen projected ozone depletion due to ODS generates oxides (NOX) and sulfur oxides (SOX), among other worldwide concern. The UN Environment Programme significant air emissions. (UNEP) ‘Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer’ (‘Montreal Protocol’) regulates the GHG emissions phase-out of ODS internationally. GHG emissions are a major contributor to climate change and are governed by the United Nations (UN) Nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides (SOX), and other ‘Framework Convention on Climate Change’ and the significant air emissions subsequent UN ‘Kyoto Protocol’. Pollutants such as NOX and SOX have adverse effects on climate, ecosystems, air quality, habitats, agriculture, This Standard covers the following GHGs: and human and animal health. Deterioration of air • Carbon dioxide (CO2) quality, acidification, forest degradation and public health • Methane (CH4) concerns have led to local and international regulations to control emissions of these pollutants. • Nitrous oxide (N2O) • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Reductions in the emission of regulated pollutants lead • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) to improved health conditions for workers and local communities and can enhance relations with affected • Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) stakeholders. In regions with emission caps, the volume • Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) of emissions also has direct cost implications. Some GHGs, including methane, are also air pollutants Other significant air emissions include, for example, that have significant adverse impacts on ecosystems, persistent organic pollutants or particulate matter, air quality, agriculture, and human and animal health. as well as air emissions that are regulated under international conventions and/or national laws or regulations, including those listed on an organization’s environmental permits. 4 GRI 305: Emissions 2016 GRI 305: Emissions This Standard includes disclosures on the management approach and topic-specific disclosures. These are set out in the Standard as follows: • Management approach disclosures (this section references GRI 103) • Disclosure 305-1 Direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions • Disclosure 305-2 E  nergy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions • Disclosure 305-3 Other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions • Disclosure 305-4 GHG emissions intensity • Disclosure 305-5 Reduction of GHG emissions • Disclosure 305-6 Emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) • Disclosure 305-7 Nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides (SOX), and other significant air emissions 1. Management approach disclosures Management approach disclosures are a narrative explanation of how an organization manages a material topic, the associated impacts, and stakeholders’ reasonable expectations and interests. Any organization that claims its report has been prepared in accordance with the GRI Standards is required to report on its management approach for every material topic, as well as reporting topic-specific disclosures for those topics. Therefore, this topic-specific Standard is designed to be used together with GRI 103: Management Approach in order to provide full disclosure of the organization’s impacts. GRI 103 specifies how to report on the management approach and what information to provide. Reporting requirements 1.1 The reporting organization shall report its management approach for emissions using GRI 103: Management Approach. 1.2 When reporting on GHG emissions targets, the reporting organization shall explain whether offsets were used to meet the targets, including the type, amount, criteria or scheme of which the offsets are part. GRI 305: Emissions 2016 5 Management approach disclosures Continued Guidance When reporting its management approach for emissions, the reporting organization can also: • explain whether it is subject to any country, regional, or industry-level emissions regulations and policies; and provide examples of these regulations and policies; • disclose expenditures on treatment of emissions (such as expenditures for filters, agents) and for the purchase and use of emissions certificates. 6 GRI 305: Emissions 2016 2. Topic-specific disclosures Disclosure 305-1 Direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions Reporting requirements The reporting organization shall report the following information: a. Gross direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent. b. Gases included in the calculation; whether CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, or all. c. Biogenic CO2 emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent. d. Base year for the calculation, if applicable, including: i. the rationale for choosing it; Disclosure ii. emissions in the base year; 305-1 iii. the context for any significant changes in emissions that triggered recalculations of base year emissions. e. Source of the emission factors and the global warming potential (GWP) rates used, or a reference to the GWP source. f. Consolidation approach for emissions; whether equity share, financial control, or operational control. g. Standards, methodologies, assumptions, and/or calculation tools used. 2.1 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-1, the reporting organization shall: 2.1.1 exclude any GHG trades from the calculation of gross direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions; 2.1.2 report biogenic emissions of CO2 from the combustion or biodegradation of biomass separately from the gross direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions. Exclude biogenic emissions of other types of GHG (such as CH4 and N2O), and biogenic emissions of CO2 that occur in the life cycle of biomass other than from combustion or biodegradation (such as GHG emissions from processing or transporting biomass). Reporting recommendations 2.2 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-1, the reporting organization should: 2.2.1 apply emission factors and GWP rates consistently for the data disclosed; 2.2.2 use the GWP rates from the IPCC assessment reports based on a 100-year timeframe; 2.2.3 select a consistent approach for consolidating direct (Scope 1) and energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions; choosing from the equity share, financial control, or operational control methods outlined in the ‘GHG Protocol Corporate Standard’; 2.2.4 if subject to different standards and methodologies, describe the approach to selecting them; GRI 305: Emissions 2016 7 Disclosure 305-1 Continued 2.2.5 where it aids transparency or comparability over time, provide a breakdown of the direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions by: 2.2.5.1 business unit or facility; 2.2.5.2 country; 2.2.5.3 type of source (stationary combustion, process, fugitive); 2.2.5.4 type of activity. Guidance Guidance for Disclosure 305-1 • calculations based on published criteria, such as Direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions include, but are emission factors and GWP rates; not limited to, the CO2 emissions from the fuel • direct measurements of GHG emissions, such as consumption as reported in Disclosure 302-1 of continuous online analyzers; GRI 302: Energy. • estimations. Direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions can come from If estimations are used due to a lack of default figures, the following sources owned or controlled by an the reporting organization can indicate the basis and organization: assumptions on which figures were estimated. • Generation of electricity, heating, cooling and For recalculations of prior year emissions, the steam: these emissions result from combustion organization can follow the approach in the ‘GHG of fuels in stationary sources, such as boilers, Protocol Corporate Standard’. furnaces, and turbines – and from other combustion processes such as flaring; The chosen emission factors can originate from • Physical or chemical processing: most of these mandatory reporting requirements, voluntary reporting emissions result from the manufacturing or frameworks, or industry groups. processing of chemicals and materials, such as Estimates of GWP rates change over time as scientific cement, steel, aluminum, ammonia, and waste research develops. GWP rates from the Second processing; Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel • Transportation of materials, products, waste, on Climate Change (IPCC) are used as the basis for workers, and passengers: these emissions result international negotiations under the ‘Kyoto Protocol’. from the combustion of fuels in mobile combustion Thus, such rates can be used for disclosing GHG sources owned or controlled by the organization, emissions where it does not conflict with national or such as trucks, trains, ships, airplanes, buses, regional reporting requirements. The organization can and cars; also use the latest GWP rates from the most recent IPCC assessment report. • Fugitive emissions: these are emissions that are not physically controlled but result from intentional or The organization can combine Disclosure 305-1 with unintentional releases of GHGs. These can include Disclosures 305-2 (energy indirect/Scope 2 GHG equipment leaks from joints, seals, packing, and emissions) and 305-3 (other indirect/Scope 3 GHG gaskets; methane emissions (e.g., from coal mines) emissions) to disclose total GHG emissions. and venting; HFC emissions from refrigeration and Further details and guidance are available in the ‘GHG air conditioning equipment; and methane leakages Protocol Corporate Standard’. See also references 1, 2, (e.g., from gas transport). 12, 13, 14 and 19 in the References section. Methodologies used to calculate the direct (Scope I) GHG emissions can include: • direct measurement of energy source consumed (coal, gas) or losses (refills) of cooling systems and conversion to GHG (CO2 equivalents); • mass balance calculations; • calculations based on site-specific data, such as for fuel composition analysis; 8 GRI 305: Emissions 2016 Disclosure 305-2 Energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions Reporting requirements The reporting organization shall report the following information: a. Gross location-based energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent. b. If applicable, gross market-based energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent. c. If available, the gases included in the calculation; whether CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, or all. d. Base year for the calculation, if applicable, including: Disclosure i. the rationale for choosing it; 305-2 ii. emissions in the base year; iii. the context for any significant changes in emissions that triggered recalculations of base year emissions. e. Source of the emission factors and the global warming potential (GWP) rates used, or a reference to the GWP source. f. Consolidation approach for emissions; whether equity share, financial control, or operational control. g. Standards, methodologies, assumptions, and/or calculation tools used. 2.3 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-2, the reporting organization shall: 2.3.1 exclude any GHG trades from the calculation of gross energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions; 2.3.2 exclude other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions that are disclosed as specified in Disclosure 305-3; 2.3.3 account and report energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions based on the location- based method, if it has operations in markets without product or supplier-specific data; 2.3.4 account and report energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions based on both the location-based and market-based methods, if it has any operations in markets providing product or supplier-specific data in the form of contractual instruments. Reporting recommendations 2.4 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-2, the reporting organization should: 2.4.1 apply emission factors and GWP rates consistently for the data disclosed; 2.4.2 use the GWP rates from the IPCC assessment reports based on a 100-year timeframe; 2.4.3 select a consistent approach for consolidating direct (Scope 1) and energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions, choosing from the equity share, financial control, or operational control methods outlined in the ‘GHG Protocol Corporate Standard’; 2.4.4 if subject to different standards and methodologies, describe the approach to selecting them; 2.4.5 where it aids transparency or comparability over time, provide a breakdown of the energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions by: 2.4.5.1 business unit or facility; 2.4.5.2 country; 2.4.5.3 type of source (electricity, heating, cooling, and steam); 2.4.5.4 type of activity. GRI 305: Emissions 2016 9 Disclosure 305-2 Continued Guidance Guidance for Disclosure 305-2 Estimates of GWP rates change over time as scientific Energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions include, research develops. GWP rates from the Second but are not limited to, the CO2 emissions from the Assessment Report of the IPCC are used as the basis for generation of purchased or acquired electricity, heating, international negotiations under the ‘Kyoto Protocol’. cooling, and steam consumed by an organization – Thus, such rates can be used for disclosing GHG disclosed as specified in Disclosure 302-1 of GRI 302: emissions where it does not conflict with national or Energy. For many organizations, the energy indirect regional reporting requirements. The organization can (Scope 2) GHG emissions that result from the also use the latest GWP rates from the most recent generation of purchased electricity can be much greater IPCC assessment report. than their direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions. The organization can combine Disclosure 305-2 with The ‘GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance’ requires Disclosures 305-1 (direct/Scope 1 GHG emissions) organizations to provide two distinct Scope 2 values: a and 305-3 (other indirect/Scope 3 GHG emissions) to location-based and a market-based value. A location- disclose total GHG emissions. based method reflects the average GHG emissions Further details and guidance are available in the ‘GHG intensity of grids on which energy consumption Protocol Corporate Standard’. Details on the location- occurs, using mostly grid-average emission factor based and market-based methods are available in the data. A market-based method reflects emissions from ‘GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance’. See also references electricity that an organization has purposefully chosen 1, 2, 12, 13, 14 and 18 in the References section. (or its lack of choice). It derives emission factors from contractual instruments, which include any type of contract between two parties for the sale and purchase of energy bundled with attributes about the energy generation, or for unbundled attribute claims. The market-based method calculation also includes the use of a residual mix, if the organization does not have specified emissions-intensity from its contractual instruments. This helps prevent double counting between consumers’ market-based method figures. If a residual mix is unavailable, the organization can disclose this and use grid-average emission factors as a proxy (which can mean that the location-based and market- based are the same number until information on the residual mix is available). The reporting organization can apply the Quality Criteria in the ‘GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance’ so that contractual instruments convey GHG emission rate claims and to prevent double counting. See reference 18 in the References section. For recalculations of prior year emissions, the organization can follow the approach in the ‘GHG Protocol Corporate Standard’. The chosen emission factors can originate from mandatory reporting requirements, voluntary reporting frameworks, or industry groups. 10 GRI 305: Emissions 2016 Disclosure 305-3 Other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions Reporting requirements The reporting organization shall report the following information: a. Gross other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent. b. If available, the gases included in the calculation; whether CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, or all. c. Biogenic CO2 emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent. d. Other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions categories and activities included in the calculation. Disclosure e. Base year for the calculation, if applicable, including: 305-3 i. the rationale for choosing it; ii. emissions in the base year; iii. the context for any significant changes in emissions that triggered recalculations of base year emissions. f. Source of the emission factors and the global warming potential (GWP) rates used, or a reference to the GWP source. g. Standards, methodologies, assumptions, and/or calculation tools used. 2.5 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-3, the reporting organization shall: 2.5.1 exclude any GHG trades from the calculation of gross other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions; 2.5.2 exclude energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions from this disclosure. Energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions are disclosed as specified in Disclosure 305-2; 2.5.3 report biogenic emissions of CO2 from the combustion or biodegradation of biomass that occur in its value chain separately from the gross other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions. Exclude biogenic emissions of other types of GHG (such as CH4 and N2O), and biogenic emissions of CO2 that occur in the life cycle of biomass other than from combustion or biodegradation (such as GHG emissions from processing or transporting biomass). Reporting recommendations 2.6 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-3, the reporting organization should: 2.6.1 apply emission factors and GWP rates consistently for the data disclosed; 2.6.2 use the GWP rates from the IPCC assessment reports based on a 100-year timeframe; 2.6.3 if subject to different standards and methodologies, describe the approach to selecting them; 2.6.4 list other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions, with a breakdown by upstream and downstream categories and activities; 2.6.5 where it aids transparency or comparability over time, provide a breakdown of the other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions by: 2.6.5.1 business unit or facility; 2.6.5.2 country; 2.6.5.3 type of source; 2.6.5.4 type of activity. GRI 305: Emissions 2016 11 Disclosure 305-3 Continued Guidance Guidance for Disclosure 305-3 Upstream categories Other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions are a 1. Purchased goods and services consequence of an organization’s activities, but 2. Capital goods occur from sources not owned or controlled by the organization. Other indirect (Scope 3) GHG 3. Fuel- and energy-related activities (not included emissions include both upstream and downstream in Scope 1 or Scope 2) emissions. Some examples of Scope 3 activities 4. Upstream transportation and distribution include extracting and producing purchased materials; 5. Waste generated in operations transporting purchased fuels in vehicles not owned or controlled by the organization; and the end use 6. Business travel of products and services. 7. Employee commuting Other indirect emissions can also come from the 8. Upstream leased assets decomposing of the organization’s waste. Process- Other upstream related emissions during the manufacture of purchased goods and fugitive emissions in facilities not owned by Downstream categories the organization can also produce indirect emissions. 9. Downstream transportation and distribution For some organizations, GHG emissions that result 10. Processing of sold products from energy consumption outside of the organization 11. Use of sold products can be much greater than their direct (Scope 1) or 12. End-of-life treatment of sold products energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions. 13. Downstream leased assets The reporting organization can identify other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions by assessing which of its 14. Franchises activities’ emissions: 15. Investments • contribute significantly to the organization’s total Other downstream anticipated other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions; For each of these categories and activities, the • offer potential for reductions the organization can organization can provide a figure in CO2 equivalent undertake or influence; or explain why certain data are not included. • contribute to climate change-related risks, such For recalculations of prior year emissions, the as financial, regulatory, supply chain, product and organization can follow the approach in the customer, litigation, and reputational risks; ‘GHG Protocol Corporate Value Chain Standard’. • are deemed material by stakeholders, such as The chosen emission factors can originate from customers, suppliers, investors, or civil society; mandatory reporting requirements, voluntary • result from outsourced activities previously reporting frameworks, or industry groups. performed in-house, or that are typically performed in-house by other organizations in the same sector; Estimates of GWP rates change over time as scientific research develops. GWP rates from the • have been identified as significant for the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC are used as organization’s sector; the basis for international negotiations under the • meet any additional criteria for determining ‘Kyoto Protocol’. Thus, such rates can be used for relevance, developed by the organization or disclosing GHG emissions where it does not conflict by organizations in its sector. with national or regional reporting requirements. The organization can also use the latest GWP rates The organization can use the following upstream from the most recent IPCC assessment report. and downstream categories and activities from the ‘GHG Protocol Corporate Value Chain Standard’ The organization can combine Disclosure 305-3 with (see reference 15 in the References section): Disclosures 305-1 (direct/Scope 1 GHG emissions) and 305-2 (energy indirect/Scope 2 GHG emissions) to disclose total GHG emissions. See references 1, 2, 12, 13, 15, 17 and 19 in the References section. 12 GRI 305: Emissions 2016 Disclosure 305-4 GHG emissions intensity Reporting requirements The reporting organization shall report the following information: a. GHG emissions intensity ratio for the organization. Disclosure b. Organization-specific metric (the denominator) chosen to calculate the ratio. 305-4 c. T  ypes of GHG emissions included in the intensity ratio; whether direct (Scope 1), energy indirect (Scope 2), and/or other indirect (Scope 3). d. Gases included in the calculation; whether CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, or all. 2.7 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-4, the reporting organization shall: 2.7.1 calculate the ratio by dividing the absolute GHG emissions (the numerator) by the organization-specific metric (the denominator); 2.7.2 if reporting an intensity ratio for other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions, report this intensity ratio separately from the intensity ratios for direct (Scope 1) and energy indirect (Scope 2) emissions. Reporting recommendations 2.8 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-4, the reporting organization should, where it aids transparency or comparability over time, provide a breakdown of the GHG emissions intensity ratio by: 2.8.1 business unit or facility; 2.8.2 country; 2.8.3 type of source; 2.8.4 type of activity. Guidance Guidance for Disclosure 305-4 The reporting organization can report an intensity Intensity ratios can be provided for, among others: ratio for direct (Scope 1) and energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions combined, using the figures reported • products (such as metric tons of CO2 emissions in Disclosures 305-1 and 305-2. per unit produced); • services (such as metric tons of CO2 emissions Background per function or per service); Intensity ratios define GHG emissions in the context • sales (such as metric tons of CO2 emissions of an organization-specific metric. Many organizations per sales). track environmental performance with intensity ratios, which are often called normalized environmental Organization-specific metrics (denominators) can impact data. include: • units of product; GHG emissions intensity expresses the amount of GHG emissions per unit of activity, output, or any • production volume (such as metric tons, liters, other organization-specific metric. In combination or MWh); with an organization’s absolute GHG emissions, • size (such as m2 floor space); reported in Disclosures 305-1, 305-2, and 305-3, • number of full-time employees; GHG emissions intensity helps to contextualize the organization’s efficiency, including in relation to other • monetary units (such as revenue or sales). organizations. See references 13, 14, and 19 in the References section. GRI 305: Emissions 2016 13 Disclosure 305-5 Reduction of GHG emissions Reporting requirements The reporting organization shall report the following information: a. GHG emissions reduced as a direct result of reduction initiatives, in metric tons of CO2 equivalent. Disclosure b. Gases included in the calculation; whether CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, or all. 305-5 c. Base year or baseline, including the rationale for choosing it. d. S  copes in which reductions took place; whether direct (Scope 1), energy indirect (Scope 2), and/or other indirect (Scope 3). e. Standards, methodologies, assumptions, and/or calculation tools used. 2.9 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-5, the reporting organization shall: 2.9.1 exclude reductions resulting from reduced production capacity or outsourcing; 2.9.2 use the inventory or project method to account for reductions; 2.9.3 calculate an initiative’s total reductions of GHG emissions as the sum of its associated primary effects and any significant secondary effects; 2.9.4 if reporting two or more Scope types, report the reductions for each separately; 2.9.5 report reductions from offsets separately. Reporting recommendations 2.10 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-5, the reporting organization should, if subject to different standards and methodologies, describe the approach to selecting them. Guidance Guidance for Disclosure 305-5 See references 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 19 in the The reporting organization can prioritize disclosing References section. reduction initiatives that were implemented in the reporting period, and that have the potential to Guidance for clause 2.9.2 contribute significantly to reductions. Reduction The inventory method compares reductions to a base initiatives and their targets can be described in the year. The project method compares reductions to a management approach for this topic. baseline. Further details on these methods are available in references 15 and 16 in the References section. Reduction initiatives can include: • process redesign; Guidance for clause 2.9.3 • conversion and retrofitting of equipment; Primary effects are the elements or activities designed • fuel switching; to reduce GHG emissions, such as carbon storage. Secondary effects are smaller, unintended consequences • changes in behavior; of a reduction initiative, including changes to production • offsets. or manufacture, which result in changes to GHG The organization can report reductions disaggregated emissions elsewhere. See reference 14 in the by initiatives or groups of initiatives. References section. This disclosure can be used in combination with Disclosures 305-1, 305-2, and 305-3 of this Standard to monitor the reduction of GHG emissions with reference to the organization’s targets, or to regulations and trading systems at international or national level. 14 GRI 305: Emissions 2016 Disclosure 305-6 Emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) Reporting requirements The reporting organization shall report the following information: a. Production, imports, and exports of ODS in metric tons of CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane) Disclosure equivalent. 305-6 b. Substances included in the calculation. c. Source of the emission factors used. d. Standards, methodologies, assumptions, and/or calculation tools used. 2.11 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-6, the reporting organization shall: 2.11.1 calculate the production of ODS as the amount of ODS produced, minus the amount destroyed by approved technologies, and minus the amount entirely used as feedstock in the manufacture of other chemicals; Production of ODS = ODS produced – ODS destroyed by approved technologies – ODS entirely used as feedstock in the manufacture of other chemicals 2.11.2 exclude ODS recycled and reused. Reporting recommendations 2.12 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-6, the reporting organization should: 2.12.1 if subject to different standards and methodologies, describe the approach to selecting them; 2.12.2 where it aids transparency or comparability over time, provide a breakdown of the ODS data by: 2.12.2.1 business unit or facility; 2.12.2.2 country; 2.12.2.3 type of source; 2.12.2.4 type of activity. GRI 305: Emissions 2016 15 Disclosure 305-6 Continued Guidance Guidance for Disclosure 305-6 This disclosure covers the substances included in The reporting organization can report separate Annexes A, B, C, and E of the ‘Montreal Protocol’ or combined data for the substances included in as well as any other ODS produced, imported, or the calculation. exported by an organization. See references 1, 2, 8 and 9 in the References section. Background Measuring ODS production, imports, and exports helps to indicate how an organization complies with legislation. This is particularly relevant if the organization produces or uses ODS in its processes, products and services and is subject to phase-out commitments. Results on ODS phase-out help to indicate the organization’s position in any markets affected by regulation on ODS. 16 GRI 305: Emissions 2016 Disclosure 305-7 Nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides (SOX), and other significant air emissions Reporting requirements The reporting organization shall report the following information: a. Significant air emissions, in kilograms or multiples, for each of the following: Disclosure i. NOX 305-7 ii. SOX iii. Persistent organic pollutants (POP) iv. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) v. Hazardous air pollutants (HAP) vi. Particulate matter (PM) vii. Other standard categories of air emissions identified in relevant regulations b. Source of the emission factors used. c. Standards, methodologies, assumptions, and/or calculation tools used. 2.13 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-7, the reporting organization shall select one of the following approaches for calculating significant air emissions: 2.13.1 Direct measurement of emissions (such as online analyzers); 2.13.2 Calculation based on site-specific data; 2.13.3 Calculation based on published emission factors; 2.13.4 Estimation. If estimations are used due to a lack of default figures, the organization shall indicate the basis on which figures were estimated. Reporting recommendations 2.14 When compiling the information specified in Disclosure 305-7, the reporting organization should: 2.14.1 if subject to different standards and methodologies, describe the approach to selecting them; 2.14.2 where it aids transparency or comparability over time, provide a breakdown of the air emissions data by: 2.14.2.1 business unit or facility; 2.14.2.2 country; 2.14.2.3 type of source; 2.14.2.4 type of activity. Guidance See references 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10 in the References section. GRI 305: Emissions 2016 17 Glossary This Glossary includes definitions for terms used in this Standard, which apply when using this Standard. These definitions may contain terms that are further defined in the complete GRI Standards Glossary. All defined terms are underlined. If a term is not defined in this Glossary or in the complete GRI Standards Glossary, definitions that are commonly used and understood apply. base year historical datum (such as year) against which a measurement is tracked over time baseline starting point used for comparisons Note: In the context of energy and emissions reporting, the baseline is the projected energy consumption or emissions in the absence of any reduction activity. biogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emission emission of CO2 from the combustion or biodegradation of biomass carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent measure used to compare the emissions from various types of greenhouse gas (GHG) based on their global warming potential (GWP) Note: The CO2 equivalent for a gas is determined by multiplying the metric tons of the gas by the associated GWP. CFC­11 (trichlorofluoromethane) equivalent measure used to compare various substances based on their relative ozone depletion potential (ODP) Note: The reference level of 1 is the potential of CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane) and CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) to cause ozone depletion. direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions GHG emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by an organization Note 1: A GHG source is any physical unit or process that releases GHG into the atmosphere. Note 2: Direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions can include the CO2 emissions from fuel consumption. energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions GHG emissions that result from the generation of purchased or acquired electricity, heating, cooling, and steam consumed by an organization global warming potential (GWP) value describing the radiative forcing impact of one unit of a given GHG relative to one unit of CO2 over a given period of time Note: GWP values convert GHG emissions data for non-CO2 gases into units of CO2 equivalent. 18 GRI 305: Emissions 2016 greenhouse gas (GHG) gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation greenhouse gas (GHG) trade purchase, sale or transfer of GHG emission offsets or allowances impact In the GRI Standards, unless otherwise stated, ‘impact’ refers to the effect an organization has on the economy, the environment, and/or society, which in turn can indicate its contribution (positive or negative) to sustainable development. Note 1: In the GRI Standards, the term ‘impact’ can refer to positive, negative, actual, potential, direct, indirect, short-term, long-term, intended, or unintended impacts. Note 2: Impacts on the economy, environment, and/or society can also be related to consequences for the organization itself. For example, an impact on the economy, environment, and/or society can lead to consequences for the organization’s business model, reputation, or ability to achieve its objectives. material topic topic that reflects a reporting organization’s significant economic, environmental and social impacts; or that substantively influences the assessments and decisions of stakeholders Note 1: For more information on identifying a material topic, see the Reporting Principles for defining report content in GRI 101: Foundation. Note 2: To prepare a report in accordance with the GRI Standards, an organization is required to report on its material topics. Note 3: Material topics can include, but are not limited to, the topics covered by the GRI Standards in the 200, 300, and 400 series. other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions indirect GHG emissions not included in energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions that occur outside of the organization, including both upstream and downstream emissions ozone-depleting substance (ODS) substance with an ozone depletion potential (ODP) greater than 0 that can deplete the stratospheric ozone layer Note: Most ODS are controlled under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), ‘Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer’, 1987, and its amendments, and include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, and methyl bromide. reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions decrease in GHG emissions or increase in removal or storage of GHG from the atmosphere, relative to baseline emissions Note: Primary effects will result in GHG reductions, as will some secondary effects. An initiative’s total GHG reductions are quantified as the sum of its associated primary effect(s) and any significant secondary effects (which may involve decreases or countervailing increases in GHG emissions). GRI 305: Emissions 2016 19 Scope of GHG emissions classification of the operational boundaries where GHG emissions occur Note I: Scope classifies whether GHG emissions are created by an organization itself, or are created by other related organizations, for example electricity suppliers or logistics companies. Note 2: There are three classifications of Scope: Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3. Note 3: The classification of Scope derives from the World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), ‘GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard’, Revised Edition, 2004. significant air emission air emission regulated under international conventions and/or national laws or regulations Note: Significant air emissions include those listed on environmental permits for an organization’s operations. 20 GRI 305: Emissions 2016 References The following documents informed the development of this Standard and can be helpful for understanding and applying it. Authoritative intergovernmental instruments: 1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1995. 2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. 3. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention, ‘Geneva Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes’, 1991. 4. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention, ‘Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone’, 1999. 5. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention, ‘Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes’, 1985. 6. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention, ‘Sofia Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes’, 1988. 7. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone, 2011. 8. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), ‘Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer’, 1987. 9. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Standards and Codes of Practice to Eliminate Dependency on Halons - Handbook of Good Practices in the Halon Sector, 2001. 10. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Convention, ‘Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)’, Annex A, B, and C, 2009. 11. United Nations (UN) Framework Convention, ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’, 1992. 12. United Nations (UN) Protocol, ‘Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’, 1997. Other relevant references: 13. CDP, Investor CDP Information Request, updated annually. 14. World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), ‘GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard’, Revised Edition, 2004. 15. World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), ‘GHG Protocol Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard’, 2011. 16. World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), ‘GHG Protocol for Project Accounting’, 2005. GRI 305: Emissions 2016 21 17. World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), ‘GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard’, 2011. 18. World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), ‘GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance. An amendment to the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard’, 2015. 19. World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol Accounting Notes, No. 1, Accounting and Reporting Standard Amendment’, 2012. 22 GRI 305: Emissions 2016 Legal liability This document, designed to promote sustainability reporting, has been developed by the Global Sustainability Standards Board (GSSB) through a unique multi- stakeholder consultative process involving representatives from organizations and report information users from around the world. While the GRI Board of Directors and GSSB encourage use of the GRI Sustainability Reporting Standards (GRI Standards) and related Interpretations by all organizations, the preparation and publication of reports based fully or partially on the GRI Standards and related Interpretations are the full responsibility of those producing them. 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PO Box 10039 Global Reporting Initiative, GRI and logo, GSSB and logo, and GRI Sustainability Reporting Standards (GRI Standards) are trademarks of Stichting Global 1001 EA Reporting Initiative. Amsterdam © 2018 GRI All rights reserved. The Netherlands ISBN: 978-90-8866-108-2 23 GRI 305: Emissions 2016