Machine Translated by Google Decree of Congress Number 2-70 The Congress of the Republic of Guatemala, CONSIDERING: That the Executive Body sent as a law initiative a draft Code of Commerce, which was carefully analyzed by the respective Commissions, which opined that the alluded project responds to the needs of the economic development of the country, to have a modern philosophical orientation and un enfoque realiste de los institutos que regula, dando un tratamiento acertado a las diversas doctrinas e institucións del Derecho Mercantile? opinio que compartieron las entidades y sectors donde tarera mayor aplicación? CONSIDERING: Que el desarrollo de la initiativa responde a un criterio mercantil cuya flexibilità y amplitud spurimura la libre empresa, facilitando su organización? y regulará sus operaciones, encuadrándolas dentro de limitaciones justas y necesarios, que permitan al Estado mantener la vigilance de las masmas, como parte su funcio coordinatora de la vida nacional? CONSIDERING: That in the project are included institutions of modern Mercantile Law, with which it is possible to efficiently regulate the institutions that comprise, harmonizing their normativity with that of the other Central American countries, because the boom in the exchange of goods and services between the countries of área requiere un verdadero parallelismo en la legislation de tan importante materia, HOWEVER, En uso de las attributions que le asigna el inciso 1º Del article 170 de la Constitución de la República, DECREES: El siguiente Code of Commerce of Guatemala TITULO PRELIMINAR General Provisions ARTICULO 1. Applicability. The merchants in their professional activity, the mercantile legal businesses and mercantile things, will be governed by the provisions of this Code and, in their default, by those of the Civil Law that will be applied and interpreted in accordance with the principles that inspire the Mercantile Law. ARTICULO 2. Merchants. Son mercantiles quienes ejercen en nombre propio y con fines de lucro, cualesquier actividades que se referen a lo siguiente: 1º The industry directed to the production or transformation of goods and the provision of services. 2º The intermediation in the circulation of goods and the provision of services. Machine Translated by Google 3º La Banca, seguros y fianzas. 4º Las auxiliaries de las anteriores. ARTICULO 3. Comerciantes Sociales. Las sociedades organizadas bajo forma mercantil tienen la calidad de mercantes, cualquiera que sea su objeto. ARTICULO 4. Cosas mercantiles. Son cosas mercantiles: 1º Los títulos de crédito. 2º The mercantile company and its elements. 3º Invention and model patents, brands, names, notices and commercial advertisements. ARTICULO 5. Negocio mixto. Cuando en un negocio jurídico regido por este Código intervengan mercantiles y no mercantiles, se aplicarán las dispositivos del mismo. BOOK I DE LOS COMERCIANTES Y SUS AUXILIARES TITLE I TRADERS CHAPTER I General Provisions ARTICULO 6. Capacity. Individual and legal persons who, according to the Civil Code, are capable of contracting and obliging have the capacity to be commercial. ARTICULO 7. Incapaces o Interdictos. When an incompetent acquires by inheritance or donation a mercantile company or when he declares an interdiction to an individual merchant, the judge will decide with an expert report, if the negotiation has to continue or be liquidated and in what form, a no ser que the causante hubiere disposado algo sobre ello, en cuyo caso se respectará la voluntad en cuanto no ofrezca grave inconvenient a juicio del juez. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 8. *Comerciantes Extranjeros. Los extranjeros porgano ejercer el comercio y representar a personas jurídicas, cuando hayan obtenido su inscripción con las dispositivos del presente Código. En estos casos, they will have the same rights and obligations that the Guatemalans have, except for the cases determined in leyes especiales. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 62-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICULO 9. No son commerciales. No son mercantiles: 1º Los que ejercen una profession liberal. 2º Los que desarrollen actividades agrículos, pecuarias o similares en cuanto se referé al cultivo y transformación de los productos de su propia empresa. 3º The artisans who only work on commission or who do not have a store or store for the sale of their products. ARTICLE 10. Sociedades Mercantiles. Son sociedades organizadas bajo forma mercantil, exclusive las siguientes: 1º The collective society. 2º La sociedad en comandita simple. 3º The limited liability company. 4º La sociedad anónima. 5º La sociedad en comandita por acciones. ARTICULO 11. Cónyuges Comerciantes. The husband and wife who exercise a mercantile activity together, have the quality of merchants, unless one of them is auxiliar de las actividades mercantiles del otro. ARTICULO 12. Bancos, Aseguradoras y Análogas. Banks, insurers, reinsurers, afianzadoras, reafianzadoras, financiers, almacenes generales de depozito, bolsa de valores, entidades mutualistas y demás análogas, se regirán en cuanto a su forma, organización y funcción, por lo que dispone este Código en lo que no contravenga sus leyes y dispositions especiales. Machine Translated by Google La authorization para constituirse y operar se regirá por las leyes especiales aplicables a cada caso. ARTICULO 13. Instituciones y Entidades Públicas. El Estado, sus entidades decentralizadas? autónomas or semi-autonomous, the municipalities and, in general, any institutions or public entities, no son commerciales, but pueden ejercer actividades commerciales, subject to the dispositions of this Code, salvo lo ordenado en leyes especiales. CHAPTER II DE LAS SOCIEDADES MERCANTILES. GENERAL DISPOSITIONS ARTICULO 14. Personalidad Jurídica. The mercantile society constituted in accordance with the dispositions of this Code and registered in the Mercantile Registry shall have its own legal personality and be distinguished from that of the partners individually considered. Para la constitución de sociedades, the person or persons who appear as founding partners, must do so por sí or en representation de otro, debiendo en este caso, accredit tal calidad en la forma legal. Appearing as a business manager is prohibited. ARTICULO 15. Applicable Legislation. Las sociedades mercantiles will be governed by the stipulations of the social escritura and by the dispositions of the present Code. Contra el contenido de la escritura social, es prohibido a los socios hacer pacto reservado u oponer prueba alguna. ARTICULO 16. Solemnidad de la Sociedad. The constitution of the company and all its modifications, including extensions, increase or reducción de capital, change of corporate name or denomination, fusion, dissolution or any other reforms or expansions, will be recorded in a public record. La separation o ingreso de partners en las sociedades no accionadas, también se formalizará en escritura pública. Except in the sociedades por acciones, the modification of the constitutive escritura will require the unanimous vote of the partners. Sin embargo, podra pactarse que la escritura social pueda modificarse por resolution, taken by the majority que la propia escritura determine, but in this case the minority will have the right to separate from the society. ARTICULO 17. Registro. The certificate of the constitutive writing, the extension and its modifications, must be presented to the Mercantile Registry, dentro del mes siguiente a la fecha de la escritura. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 18. Contrato antes de Autorización. The person who contracts in nombre de la sociedad, antes de que ésta pueda actuar como juridica persona, será considerada como gestor de negocios de aquella y queda personally responsable de los efectos del contrato celebrado. ARTICLE 19. Special Situations. Los cónyuges pueden constituir entre sí y con terceros, sociedad mercantil. Los extranjeros y las sociedades extranjeras, aunque no tengan domicilio en Guatemala, podran participar como partners o accionistas de sociedades de cualquier forma, salvo lo disposado en este Código o en leyes especiales. ARTICULO 20. Tutor y Guardador. The tutor and the guardian cannot constitute a society with their representatives, while the minority of age or incapacity have not been terminated and the guardianship accounts have been approved and the guarantees have been cancelled. ARTICULO 21. Declarados en Quiebra. No pueden constituir sociedad los declarados en quiebra, mientras no hayan sido rehabilitados. ARTICULO 22. Sociedad con Minores e Incapaces. Por los menores e incapaces sólo podran sus representantes constituir sociedad, previa authorization judicial por utilização comprobada. The responsibility of minors or incapaces will be limited to the amount of their respective contribution. ARTICULO 23. Acquisition of Actions by Minors. The legal representatives of minors, incapaces or absent, pueden adquirir para sus representados, acciones de sociedades anónimas or en comandita, siempre que estén totally paidadas y se llenen los requisites que la señala para la investment de fondos de estos. ARTICULO 24. Plaza. The term of the company starts from the date of its registration in the Mercantile Registry. Las sociedades mercantiles pueden constituirse para plazo indefinido. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 25. Extension. The extension of the society must be formalized before the term of its duration has been concluded. Sin embargo, said extension can be formalized after the expiration of the term, in which case the personal creditors of the partners, whose creditor is in a title that fulfills the executive requirements, will enjoy a term of thirty days, counted from the last publication, for protestar la prorroga Igual derecho they will have the creditors of the society. The effect of the protest will be, for the first ones, who can exercise their rights on the social participation of the debtor and for the second ones, who can exercise their actions, in the form that is determined for the irregular societies. The extemporaneous extension requires the unanimous consent of the partners in non-stock companies, and in the stock companies, a majority when less than eighty percent of the company's paid-up capital. The dissident shareholders will have the right to separate from the company by communicating in writing within the fifteen days following the date on which the corresponding resolution has been taken. Expired the term of the society, any partner can ask for the liquidation of the same, provided that the request is made before the convocation is issued to the board in which it will be resolved on the extemporaneous extension. ARTICULO 26. Derecho a la Razón Social. The registration of a company in the Mercantile Registry gives it the right to the exclusive use of its corporate name or denomination, which must be clearly distinguishable from any other company and cannot be adopted by a company of the same or similar object, while it exists inscribed la primera ARTICULO 27. Aportaciones no Dinerarias. Los bienes que no consistan en dinero, aportados por los partners, pasan al dominio de la sociedad, sin necessidad de tradición y se detalarán y justipreciarán en la escritura constitutiva o en el inventorya previendo aceptados por los partners, el que debora protocolizarse. If due to fault or fraud, a greater value is fixed, the partners will respond solidarily in favor of third parties and the company, for the excess of the value that was assigned and for the damages and losses that result, thus being obliged to compensate the missing They are admissible as contributions to movable or immovable goods, invention patents, feasibility and feasibility studies, costs of preparation for the creation of a company, as well as the estimate of its promotion, provided they are expressly accepted in their justipreciación, conforme lo establece el primer paragraph. The simple responsibility of a partner is not valid as a contribution. Los socios quedan obligados al saneamiento de lo que porten a la sociedad. ARTICULO 28. Contribution of Credits and Shares. When the contribution of some partner consists of credits, the que la haga will respond not only to the existence and legitimacy of them, but also to the solvency of the debtor at the time of the contribution. Machine Translated by Google Cuando se porten acciones de sociedad por acciones, el valor de la contribution será el del mercado, sin exceder de su valor en libros. Se prohibe pactar contra el tenor de este article. ARTICULO 29. Epoca y forma de las Portaciones. Los partners deben efectura sus aportaciones en la epoca y forma estipuladas en la escritura constitutiva. El retardo o la negativa en la entrega, sea cual fuere la causa, autoriza a los partners para exculir de la sociedad al socio moroso o para proceder ejecutivamente contra él. The partner, including the industrialist, is personally responsible for the damages and perjuicios that occur to the society for breach of contract or mora. ARTICULO 30. Responsabilidad de los Socios. In societies, the social obligations are guaranteed with all the goods of the society and only the partners respond with their own goods in the cases provided for especially in this Code. The new partner of a society responds, according to the form of this, of all the social obligations contracted before its entry, even when the social reason or the denomination of the society is modified. El pacto en contrario no producirá efecto en cuanto a tercerso. ARTICULO 31. Riesgo de las Aportaciones. El riesgo de las cosas ciertas y determinadas, non fungibles, que se aportan a la sociedad para que sólo sean comunes su uso, frutos o products, corresponds to the owner owner. Si las cosas aportadas son fungibles o no pueden guardarse sin que se deterioren, o se aportaron para ser vendidas, el riesgo corresponds to the society. It will also correspond to the same, in the absence of a special agreement, the risk of the things justipreciadas al aportarse and, in this case, the claim will be limited to the price in which they were priced. ARTICULO 32. Pérdida de Capital. Si hubiere pérdida de capital de una sociedad, éste debera ser reintegrado o reducido cuando menos en el monto de las pérdidas, antes de hacerse repartición o distribución alguna de utilitas. ARTICULO 33. Distribution of Benefits and Losses. En el reparto de utilitas o pérdidas se observán, salvo pacto contrario, las reglas siguientes: 1º The distribution between the capitalist partners will be proportionate to the capital that each one has contributed to the society. Machine Translated by Google 2º If the part of the gains is stipulated in the contract, without mentioning the losses, the distribution of these will be made in the same proportion of those and vice versa, de modo que la expresion de las serva para las otras. 3º The participation of the socio industrial in the utilities will be determined by averaging the capital of all the contributions. Si es uno solo el socio capitalista, la parte del socio industrial será igual a la del otro socio. 4º If there are several industrial partners, the previous rule will be applied and the result will be divided into equal parts among them. 5º El partner o socios industriales no soportarán las pérdidas, sino en la parte que excedan del capital. 6º The partner who meets the double quality of capitalist and industrialist, will participate in the profits or in the losses in each of the concepts that correspond to him, according to the previous norms. ARTICULO 34. Pacto Leonino y Preferencias. Son nulas y se tienen por no puestas las clausos de la escritura social en que se stipule que alguno de los partners no participará en las ganancias? pero puede validamente convenirse en preferences entre los partners para el pago de sus capitales en caso de liquidación o de pago de utilitas o dividendos. The stipulation that exempts a capitalist shareholder from participating in losses will not produce an effect against third parties. ARTICULO 35. Utilidades no Causadas. Queda prohibida la distribución de utilitas que no se hayan realente obtenido conforme el balance general del ejercicio. Aparte de las utilitas del ejercicio social recien pasado, también se porgano distributar las utilitas acumuladas de ejercicios anteriores. The administrators who authorize payments in contravention of the previous and the partners who have received them will respond solidarily for their reintegration to the society, lo que podrá ser exigido por the own society, por sus creedores y por los other partners. ARTICLE 36. Reserva Legal. From the net profits of each exercise of all society, five percent (5%) must be separated annually as a minimum to form the legal reserve. ARTICULO 37. La Reserva Legal podrá Capitalizarse. The legal reserve will not be able to be distributed in any form among the partners, until the liquidation of the society. However, it may be capitalized when it exceeds fifteen percent (15%) of the capital at the close of the previous immediate exercise, without prejudice to further capitalizing the five percent (5%) anual referred to in the previous article. Machine Translated by Google Any agreement, the disposition contrarios to the present article, will be void and as far as the quantities coming from the legal reserve that are improperly distributed, it will be according to the provisions of article 35. ARTICLE 38. Derechos de los Socios. Son derechos de los partners, además de los consignados en otros preceptos de este Código, los siguientes: 1º To examine by himself or by means of the delegates who appoint, the accounting and documents of the society, as well as learn about the economic-financial policy of the same at the time that the contract is fixed and, por lo menos, dentro de los fifteen días anteriores a la fecha en que haya de celebrarse la junta general o asamblea general anual. This right is irrevocable. En las sociedades accionadas, this right will be exercised in accordance with article 145 of this Code. 2º Promote judicially before the judge of the First Instance where the company has its domicile, the convocation of a general meeting or the annual general assembly of the company, if the time in which it must be held according to the contract has passed or more than a year has passed since the last meeting o asamblea general, los administrativos no la hubieren hecho. The judge will resolve the case en incidente, con audiencia de los administrativos. 3º Exigir a la sociedad el reintegrato de los expenses en que incurran por el dempego de sus obligaciones para con la misma. 4º Reclamar contra la forma distribución de las utilitas o pérdidas, dentro de los three meses siguientes a la junta general o asamblea general in que ella se hubiere accordado. Sin embargo, carecerá de ese derecho el partner que la hubiere aprobado con su voto o que hubiere empezado a cumplirla. 5º Acquirir por el tanto la parte de capital del consocio facultado para enajenarla. The term to make use of such right will be thirty days counted from the date on which the authorization was granted. This right is not applicable to shareholders of companies for actions. 6º Los demás que determine la escritura social. ARTICULO 39. Prohibitions a los Socios. Se prohíbe a los socios: 1º Usar del patrimonio o de la razón o social denominación para negocios ajenos a la sociedad. 2º If they have the quality of industrialists, exercise the industry that they contribute to society, except for the benefit of it, or engage in negotiations that distract them from their obligations to society, unless they obtain the consent of the other partners or that haya pacto expresso en contrario. 3º Ser partner of similar or competitive companies, o emprenderlas por su cuenta or por cuenta de terceos, si no es con el consentimiento unanime de los demás partners. This prohibition is not applicable to the shareholders of sociedades por actions. 4º Ceder o gravar su aporte de capital en la sociedade without the previous and unanimous consent of the other partners, save when it comes to sociedades accionadas. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 40. Sanction a los Socios. Partners who violate any of the prohibitions contained in the previous article may be excluded from society. ARTICULO 41. Resolutions. En los asuntos que deban resolverse por los partners y que conforme al contrato social o por disposition de esta ley, no requieran una majority especial, decidirá el voto de la majority. Constituirá majority la que haya established in el contrato ya falta de stipulación, la mitad más uno de los partners, o la mitad más una de las actions en derecho a votar en las sociedades por actions. ARTICULO 42. Acreedores Particulares. The particular creditors of a partner will not be able, while the society lasts, to make their rights effective except on the profits, whose distribution has been agreed and on the part that corresponds to the liquidation of the society. Podrán, sin embargo, embargar esta porción, y en las sociedades accionadas, embargar y hacer vender las acciones del deudor. No puede prorrogarse la sociedad, sino satisfaciendo al creedor embargante, incluso mediate la liquidación de la participation del socio deudor. ARTICULO 43. Nuevos Socios y Herederos. Except in the case of the sociedades accionadas, nuevos socios may not be admitted without the unanimous consent of the others. Podrá pactarse que a la muerte de cualquiera de los partners continúa la sociedad con sus herederos. This aspect does not oblige these people to enter the society, but only to the other partners to receive them. ARTICULO 44. Administration. The administration of the society will be in charge of one or several administrators or managers, who may be partners or partners and will have judicial representation. The administrators will not be able to dedicate themselves to the same type of business that constitutes the object of the society, unless otherwise agreed. ARTICLE 45. Appointment of Administrators. Unless otherwise agreed, the appointment and removal of the administrators will be done by resolution of the partners. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 46. Inamovilidad. En las sociedades no accionadas cuando el administrador sea partner y en el contrato se pactare su imamovilidad, sólo podrá ser removed judicialmente por dolo, culpa, incapacidad o infulimiento de sus obligaciones. ARTICULO 47. Facultades de los Administradores. Los administrativos o gerentes tienen, por el hecho su nombramiento, todas las facultades para representaramente judicialmente a la sociedad, de conformación con las dispositions de la Ley del Organismo Judicial. Tendrán además las que se quieran para executar los acts y celebración los contracts que sean de giro ordinary de la sociedad, según su naturela y objeto, de los que de él se deriven y de los que con él se relacionado, including the issue of titles de crédito. Sin embargo, en la escritura social pueden limitarse tales facultades. Para negocios distintos de ese giro, they will require special faculties detailed in the social escritura, en acta or en mandato. ARTICULO 48. Delegation. A menos que la escritura social lo authorice, el administrador no puede delegar en otro la administración o la representation, ni nombrar sustituto sin el previo consentunim unánime de los partners. Podrá conferir poderes especiales y revocarlos si estuviere facultado. ARTICULO 49. Administración Conjunta. Cuando veren dos administrativos y en la escritura social no se especifiquen las facultades y attributions de cada uno, procederán conjuntomente y la oposición de uno de ellos impedirá de realization de los actos o contratos proyectados por el otro. If the joint administrators vote three or more, it will decide the vote of the majority in case of disagreement. ARTICULO 50. Daño Grave. Aunque la administración sea conjunta, podrá uno solo de los administrativos proceder bajo su responsabilidade, si de no hacerlo así resultare daño grave o irreparable para la sociedad. The act or contract executed in these conditions will have its effects with respect to third parties in good faith and the administrator who would have celebrated it will respond to the society of the perjuicios that a ésta se causaren. ARTICULO 51. Uso de la Razón Social. Machine Translated by Google The use of the reason or social denomination corresponds only to the administrators or the mandate holder. ARTICULO 52. Responsabilidad de los Administradores. El administrador es responsable limitadamente por los daños y perjuicios que ocasione a la sociedad por dolo o culpa. Si veren varios los administrativos y procedieren conjuntomente, su responsabilidad será solidaria. Es nula toda stipulación que tienda a eximir a los administrativos de esta responsabilidad o bien a limitarla. Quedan exemptos de responsabilidad los administrativos que hubieren hecho constar su voto disidente. ARTICULO 53. Libros de Actas. Las sociedades mercantiles will keep a book or register of minutes of general meetings of partners or general meetings of shareholders, as the case may be. Cuando sean varios los administrativos, es obligatorio llevar un book de actas en el que se hárán constar las decisions que tomen con referencia a los negocios de la sociedad. ARTICULO 54. Falta de Facultades. En los casos en que el administrator no tenga facultades para determinido negocio, los partners resolverán. ARTICULO 55. Rendición de Cuentas. The administrators are obliged to report to the partners, at least annually, on the financial and accounting situation of the company, including an report on its activities, the corresponding general balance sheet and the state of losses and gains, as well as a detail of its remuneraciones y otros beneficios de cualquier orden. The failure to comply with this obligation will be the cause of its removal, regardless of the responsibilities incurred. ARTICULO 56. Rendición Recíproca de Cuentas. If all partners are administrators, they are obliged reciprocally to account for the administration and its results in any time. ARTICULO 57. Acts Excediendo de Facultades. The partner who attributes the representation of the company, executes acts or celebrates business in his name or the administrator who authorizes them in excess of his faculties, does not obligan the company, a Machine Translated by Google menos que tales acts o contratos veren ratificados por los partners o que la sociedad se hubiere aprochedo de la operaciona. En cuanto a los títulos de crédito se estará a lo que dispone el article 406 de este Código. ARTICULO 58. Administrador Extraño a la Sociedad. Todo partner has the right to separate from the society, cuando pesar de su voto, en contra, el nombramiento administrator recaiga en persona extraña a la sociedad. This provision is not applicable to societies for actions. CHAPTER III Of the Collective Society ARTICULO 59. Sociedad Colectiva. Sociedad colectiva es la que existe bajo una razón social y en la cual todos los partners responden de modo subsidiario, ilimitada y solidariamente, de las obligaciones sociales. ARTICULO 60. Limitación de Responsabilidades. Does the stipulation of the social escritura que exima a los partners de la responsabilidad unlimited y solidaria no producirá efecto alguno con relación a tercero? pero los partners pueden convenir entre sí que la responsabilidad de alguno or algunos de ellos se limite a una porción o cuota determinada. ARTICULO 61. Razón Social. The social reason is formed with the name and surname of one of the partners or with the surnames of two or more of them, with the mandatory addition of the legend: y Compañía Sociedad Colectiva, legend that can be abbreviated: y Cía. SC ARTICLE 62. Nombre de la razón Social. La persona que no siendo partner permita que figure su nombre en la razón social, queda sujeta a las mismas obligaciones y responsabilidades de los partners. Sin embargo, if the full name or the last name of a partner who would have been separated from the company would have been maintained in the company, because it had been agreed with the other partners or authorized by their heirs, the word should be added to the company : Sucesores, que podra abreviarse: Sucs. On the contrary, the obligations and responsibilities indicated in the first paragraph of this article will be maintained. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 63. Administración a Falta de Pacto. En defecto de pacto que signale a uno or algunos de los partners como administrativos, lo serán todos. ARTICULO 64. Vigilance. Los socios no administrativos porganrar un delegado para que a su costa vigile los actos de los administrativos. ARTICULO 65. Resoluciones en Junta General. The resolutions that by law or by disposition of the social escritura correspond to the partners, will be taken in a general meeting convened by the administrators or by any member of the partners. The convocation can be made by simple written personal citation, made at least with forty-eight hours of advance notice to the board. The convocation must express with due clarity the issues sobre los que se haya de deliberar. ARTICULO 66. Junta Totalitaria. Without prejudice to the provisions in the previous article, the general junta will be validly constituted without the need for prior convocation, if all partners are met or duly represented, they will decide to celebrate it, approving the agenda by unanimity. ARTICULO 67. Representación de los Socios. Except for disposition in contrario de la escritura social, todo partner podrá hacerse representar en la junta general por medio de otra persona. The representation must be conferred by mandate or by charter. CHAPTER IV De la sociedad en comandita simple ARTICULO 68. Sociedad en comandita Simple. Sociedad en comandita simple, es la compuesta por uno or varios partners comanditados que responden en forma subsidiaryia, ilimitada y solidaria de las obligaciones sociales? y por uno o varios partneros comanditarios que tienen responsabilidad limitada al monto de su aportación. Contributions cannot be represented by titles or actions. ARTICULO 69. Razón Social. Machine Translated by Google The social reason is formed with the name of one of the limited partners or with the last names of two or more of them if there are several and with the mandatory addition of the legend: y Compañía, Sociedad en Comandita, la que podra abbreviarse: y Cía . S. en C. ARTICULO 70. Nombre de la Razón Social. Cualquier persona que non sea comanditado, que haga figurer o permita que su nombre figure en la razón social, quedará obligada en favor de terceos en igual forma que los comanditados. En igual responsabilidad incurrirán los comanditarios partners when the expression: Sociedad en Comandita, or its abbreviation, is omitted in the social razon. ARTICULO 71. Aportación Integra del Capital. El capital de la sociedad debe ser aportado integramente al constituirse, por uno o más socios comanditarios o por éstos y por socios comanditados. ARTICULO 72. Administration. The limited partners will have exclusive management of the company and the legal representation of it, except that the social escritura allows the administration to have outsiders. In this case, the appointment of directors who have been made by the limited partners will not have an effect, until the approval of the limited partners is obtained, by the vote that represents half of the capital contributed by them. ARTICULO 73. Comanditarios no pueden administrar. The partners comanditarios tienen prohibited any act of administration of the society, aun en calidad de apoderados de los partners comanditados o de la sociedad. The general partner who violates said prohibition will be responsible in the same way as the limited partners in favor of third parties, for all losses and obligations of the company, whether prior or subsequent to the contravention, except as provided in article 75 of this Code . ARTICULO 74. No son actos de administración. Para los efectos del article previous, no son actos de administración por parte de los partners comanditarios: 1º Assistir a las juntas de socios, con voz, pero sin voto. 2º Examinar, inspectar, vigilar y fiscalizar la contabilidad y los actos de los administrativos. 3º Celebrar contracts por cuenta propia or ajena con la sociedad, siempre que los mismos no afecten la libre administración de la sociedad. 4º Dar autorizaciones, dictámenes e informes para determinadas operaciones sociales. Machine Translated by Google 5º Participate in the liquidation of the company. ARTICULO 75. Death or Incapacity of the Administrator. If for the cases of death or incapacity of the partner administrator, no se hubiere determinado en la escritura social the form to replace it and the society hubiere to continue, podrá un partner limited, in the absence of another limited partner, perform interime urgent acts or de mera administración, durante un plazo que no podrá exceder de un mes contado desde el día en que la death o incapacidad hubiere ocurrido. In this case, the managing partner will not be responsible for more than the adequate execution of his management. ARTICULO 76. Utilidades Cobradas de Buena Fe. Los socios comanditarios no están obligatori a restituir las utilizas que hubieren collected de buena fe, de acuerdo con los estados financiers aprobado. ARTICULO 77. Otras Disposiciones Aplicables. Es aplicable a las sociedades en comandita simple lo disposé en los artículos 65, 66, 67, 81 y 83 de este Código. The provisions in articles 60 and 63 of this Code are applicable only to limited partners. CHAPTER V Of the Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada ARTICULO 78. Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada. Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada es la compuesta por varios partners que sólo están obligados al pago de sus aportaciones. Por las obligaciones sociales, the patrimonio de la sociedad responds solely to the patrimonio de la sociedad y, en su caso, la suma que a más de las aportaciones convenga la escritura social. El capital estará dividido en aportaciones que no potarón incorporarse a titulos de ninguna naturale nor denominarse acciones. ARTICLE 79. Numero de los Socios. The number of partners cannot exceed twenty. ARTICULO 80. Reason o Denominación Social. Machine Translated by Google The society will operate under a denomination or under a social reason. The denomination will form freely, but will always refer to the principal social activity. The company name will be formed with the full name of one of the partners or with the last name of two or more of them. In both cases it is mandatory to add the word Limitada or the legend: y Compañía Limitada, which may be abbreviated to: Ltda. O Cía. Ltda., respectively. Si se se omiten esas palabras o leyendas, los partners will respond de modo subsidiario, ilimitada y solidariamente, de las obligaciones sociales. ARTICULO 81. Aportación Integra del Capital. No podrá otorgarse la escritura constitutiva de la sociedad, mientras no conste de manera fehaciente que el capital ha sido integra y effectively paid. Si se otorgarare la escritura constitutiva sin esa circunstancia, el contrato será nulo y los partners serán unlimited y solidariamente responsable de los daños y perjuicios que por tal razón se causaren a terceos. ARTICULO 82. No hay Socio Industrial. En esta forma de sociedad, no podra haber socio industrial. ARTICULO 83. Right of Vigilance. Except that in the social escritura a surveillance council has been constituted, each partner has the right to obtain from the administrators information on the development of the social businesses and to consult the books of the society. Es nulo todo pacto en contrario. ARTICULO 84. Nombre en la Razón Social. Cualquier persona extraña a la sociedad que haga figurar or permita que figurar que nombre en la razón social, responderá de las operaciones sociales up to the amount of the mayor de las contributions. ARTICULO 85. Otras Disposiciones Aplicables. Articles 64, 65, 66 and 67 of this Code are applicable to limited liability companies. CHAPTER VI From the Sociedad Anónima Sección Primera General Provisions Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 86. Sociedad Anónima. Sociedad anónima es la que tiene el capital dividido y representato por actions. The responsibility of each shareholder is limited to the payment of the shares that have been subscribed. ARTICULO 87. Denominación. The joint stock company is identified with a denomination, which can be formed freely, with the mandatory addition of the legend: Sociedad Anónima, which can be abbreviated SA The denomination may contain the name of a founder partner or the surnames of two or more of them, but in this case, the designation of the principal object of the company must also be included. ARTICULO 88. Capital Autorizado. The authorized capital of a joint stock company is the maximum sum that the company can issue shares without formalizing a capital increase. El capital autorizado podrá estar total o partially suscrito al constituirse la sociedad y debe expresarse en la escritura constitutiva de la misma. ARTICULO 89. Capital Suscrito. At the moment of subscribing shares, it is essential to pay at least twenty-five percent (25%) of its nominal value. ARTICULO 90. Capital Pagado Mínimo. The initial paid-up capital of the sociedad anónima debe ser por lo menos de cinco mil quetzales (Q5, 000.00). ARTICULO 91. Aportaciones en Especie. The shares may be paid in full or in part by means of contributions in kind, in which case the provisions of Article 27 will apply. ARTICULO 92. Aportaciones en Efectivo. Las aportaciones en efectivo must be deposited in a bank in the name of the company and in the constitutive escritura the notary must certify this end. ARTICULO 93. Anuncio de Capital. Machine Translated by Google No podrá anunciarse el capital autorizado, sin indicar al miso tiempo el capital paidado. The infraction of this article will be sanctioned ex officio by the Mercantile Registry with a fine of twenty-five to five hundred quetzals, and publications and rectifications will be made at the cost of the infringer. ARTICULO 94. Aportaciones no Dinerarias. The partners who contribute assets consisting of patents of invention, studies of prefactibility and feasibility, costs of preparation for the creation of the company, as well as the estimation of the promotion and foundation of the same, in accordance with what is expressed in article 27, they will not be able to stipulate any benefit in their favor that menoscabe the capital, neither in the act of constitution, nor in the moment of dissolution and liquidation of the society, siendo nulo todo pacto en contrario. ARTICULO 95. Límite o Participación De Fundadores. The participation granted to the founders in the annual net profits will not exceed ten percent, nor will it cover a period of more than ten years from the constitution of the company. This participation will not be covered unless the shareholders have been paid a five percent (5%) dividend, above the nominal value of their shares. ARTICULO 96. Bonuses or Certificados de Fundador. To accredit the participation referred to in the previous article, special titles denominated as bonds or founder certificates will be issued, subject to the dispositions of the following articles. ARTICULO 97. Limitación a Bonos o Certificados de Fundador. Los bonos o certificados de founder, no se computarán en el capital social, no autorizarán sus tenedores para participar en él a la solución de la sociedad nor para intervenir en su administration. Sólo conferen el derecho de percibir la participation en las utilitas que el bono o certificado expresse y por el tiempo que en el mismo se indique. ARTICULO 98. Clase de Bonos o Certificados de Fundador. Los bonos o certificados de fundador, podrán ser nominativos o al portador y morden contener: 1º La expresión: Bono o certificado de fundador con caracteres visibles. 2º The denomination, domicile, duration, capital of the society and date of constitution. 3º The ordinal number of the bond and the indication of the total number of bonds issued. 4º La participationa que corresponda al bono en las utilitas y el tiempo durante el cual deba ser gada. 5º Firma de los administrativos. Machine Translated by Google SECCION SEGUNDA Of the actions ARTICULO 99. Titles of Actions. Las actions en que se se se el capital social de una sociedad anónima will be represented by titles that will serve to accredit and transmit the quality and rights of the shareholder. To the titles of actions, en lo que sea conducente, the dispositions of the titles of credit will apply. ARTICULO 100. Class of Actions. Todas las actions de una sociedad will be of equal value and confer equal rights. Sin embargo, in the social escritura it may be stipulated that the capital is divided into various classes of shares with special rights for each class, always observing what is provided in article 34 of this Code. ARTICLE 101. Derecho de Voto. Each action confers the right to vote a su tenedor. The social escritura puede establish, sin embargo, that the preferential shares in the distribution of profits and in the repayment of the capital in the dissolution of the company have the right to vote only in the deliberations provided for in article 135. No pueden emitirse acciones con voto multiple. ARTICULO 102. Emission of Titles. Se prohibe a las sociedades anónimas to issue shares for a sum less than their nominal value and to issue definitive titles if the share is not totally paid. The issuance and circulation of deed titles or provisional certificates are exempt from the taxes of sealed paper and fiscal stamps. ARTICULO 103. Acciones Parcialmente Pagadas. Salvo pacto en contrario de la escritura social, las actions subscribed whose calls have been covered, conferirán to sus tenedores derecho a voto. ARTICULO 104. Indivisibilidad de las Acciones. Actions are indivisible. Machine Translated by Google In case of copropriedad de una action, the rights must be exercised by a common representative. If the common representative has not been appointed, the communications and declarations made by the company to one of the co-owners are valid. Los copropietarios responden solidariamente de las obligations derived from the action. ARTICLE 105. Rights of Shareholders. The action confers on its holder the condition of shareholder and attributes, as a minimum, the following rights: 1º El de participar en el reparto de las utilitas social y del patrimonio resultante de la liquidación. 2º The preferential right of subscription in the emission of new actions. 3º El de votar en las asambleas generales. These rights will be exercised in accordance with the provisions of this Code and will not affect any of those established in favor of special classes of actions. ARTICULO 106. Prenda y Usufructo de Acciones. Salvo pacto en contrario, en el caso de pledge o usufructo sobre las acciones, el derecho de voto corresponds in the first case to the shareholder and in the second, to the usufructuary. The preferential right of subscription of new actions corresponds to the bare owner or debtor. If the usufruct corresponds to several persons, it will be as provided in article 104 of this Code. ARTICULO 107. Contenido de los Títulos. The stock titles must contain at least: 1º The denomination, the domicile and the duration of the society. 2º The date of the constitutive writing, location of its granting, notary authorizing and data of its registration in the Mercantile Registry. 3º The name of the holder of the action, if they are nominatives. 4º The amount of authorized social capital and the form in which it will be distributed. 5º The nominal value, its class and registration number. 6º Los derechos y las obligias particulares de la classe a que corresponden y un resumen inherente a los derechos y las obligias de las otras clases de acciones si las hubiere. 7º The firm of the administrators que conforme a la escritura social deban suscribirlos. Machine Translated by Google The provisions of this article also apply to the provisional certificates that are distributed to the partners before the issuance of the definitive titles or when the shares are not fully paid. The provisional certificate must also indicate the amount of the calls paid on the value of the actions and must be nominative. ARTICULO 108.* Actions. Las acciones must be nominatives. Las sociedades anónimas constituidas antes de la enactment de Ley Extinción de Dominio, cuyo social pacto les faculte a mitir acciones al portador y tengan pendiente la emissione acciones, must be realized only with acciones nominativas. *Reformed by Article 71, of Decree Number 55-2010 on 06-29-2011 ARTICULO 109. Transferencia de Actions no Pagadas. Those who have transferred provisional certificates, are obliged to register the transfer in society and will remain jointly responsible with the purchasers for the unpaid amount, during the term of three years from the date of transfer. El pago no puede exigírsele al cedente, sino en el caso de que el requirimiento made al possessor de la action haya resultado infructuoso. When the shares are fully paid, the provisional certificates will be exchanged for the definitive titles. ARTICULO 110. Accionistas Morosos. When a shareholder does not pay at the agreed times the value of his share or the outstanding calls, the company may choose: 1º Vender por cuenta y riesgo del shareholder moroso las acciones que le correspondan y con su producto cover las responsabilidades que resulten y el saldo que quedare se le entregará. 2º Reduce the actions to the quantity that results totally paid with the deliveries made? las demás se invalidarán, salvo lo que disponga la escritura social. 3º Proceder al cobro de los llamamientos pendientes en la vía ejecutiva, constituyendo título ejecutivo el acta notarial de los registros countables, donde conste the existence of the obligation? en dicha acta se trancribirán los documents y resolutions pertinentes al plazo de la obligación. ARTICULO 111. Acquisition of Shares. The society only can acquire its own shares in case of exclusion or separation of a partner, provided that it has accumulated profits and capital reserves and only has the total of such profits and reserves, excluding the legal reserve. If the total of utilities and capital reserves are not sufficient to cover the value of the shares to be acquired, the capital must be reduced. Machine Translated by Google Only the shares that the company acquires in accordance with the first paragraph of this article can be disposed of, with the authorization of the general assembly and never at a price less than that of its acquisition. Los derechos que grant las actions so acquired, quedarán en suspenso, mientras ellas permanezcan en propiedad de la sociedad. If in a period of six months, the company has not achieved the sale of such shares, the capital must be reduced, observing the legal requirements. ARTICLE 112. Amortization of Shares. The following rules will be observed for the amortization of shares: 1º Only fully paid shares can be amortized. 2º If the amortization is for reduction of capital it must be agreed by the general assembly, prior to the formulation of a general balance sheet, to determine the book value of the shares. 3º If the amortization of a particular class or series of shares is foreseen in the social escritura, the amortization will be made in the conditions that determine that instrument, the ones that must be contained in the titles of the respective shares. 4º The amortization of shares not regulated in the company deed will be done in the form that the extraordinary general assembly determines, al resolver sobre reducción de capital y acuerdo con lo que dispone el article 210. The designation of the shares that must be amortized, se hará por sorteo ante notario. 5º Unless otherwise provided in the social escritura, the amortization value of each share will be its value in books, according to the balance mentioned in paragraph 2º. 6º Los títulos de acciones amortadas will be annulled y en su lugar, porganirse certificados de goce, cuando so lo prevenga expressamente the social escritura or the resolution of the general assembly. 7º The right of the holder of amortized shares, to collect the price of the shares and, in his case, to collect the certificates of enjoyment, will expire in ten years, counting from the publication date of the capital reduction agreement. ARTICULO 113. Certificados de Goce. The certificates of enjoyment attributed to the owners of the amortized shares do not have the right to vote in the general assembly. The same compete equally with unamortized shares in the distribution of profits remaining after payment to unamortized shares of a dividend equal to six percent (6%) annually and, in case of liquidation, in the distribution of patrimonio social restante después del reimbursement de las otras acciones a su valor nominal. ARTICULO 114. Prohibition of Advances or Loans. The society cannot make advances on its own shares, nor loans to third parties to acquire them. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 115. Voto Acumulativo. In the election of directors of the company, the shareholders with the right to vote will have as many votes as the number of their shares multiplied by the number of directors to be elected and they will be able to cast all their votes in favor of a single candidate or distribute them between two or more of them . ARTICULO 116. Pactos para el Voto. Los pactos entre accionistas sobre ejercicio determinado del voto son válidos pudiéndos también encargar a un representative común ejercitar el voto. Such agreements may not have a duration greater than ten years, they must be recorded in a public record and the authorizing notary must give notice of the existence of an agreement of the types referred to in this article, to the company and the Mercantile Registry, briefly reasoning los títulos de las actions. El pacto que limite o que controle el voto no impide la transferencia de la action. ARTICULO 117. Traspaso de Acciones Nominativas. En la escritura social podra pactarse que la transmission de las actions nominativas sólo se haga con autorización de los administrativos. This clause will be included in the text of the titles. The holder of these shares who wishes to transmit them, must communicate it in writing to the administrators, who within a period of no more than thirty days will authorize the transmission or deny it, designating in that case a buyer at the current price of the shares on the stock market, or , en defecto de éste, el que se se determine por expertos. The silence of the administrators is equivalent to the authorization. La sociedad podrá negarse a scribir la transmission que se hubiere efectado sin esa authorization. En el caso de que estos titulos deban ser enajenados coactivamente, the creditor or the official who realizes the sale, debera ponerlo en conocimiento de la sociedad, para que ésta pueda hacer uso de los derechos que este article le. If the creditor or the official does not do so, the society can also refuse to register the transmission. ARTICULO 118. Actions sin Derecho a Voto. No stock exchange agent, broker or commission agent can exercise the right to vote shares that he has in his power by virtue of his office. ARTICULO 119. Quiénes se considerantes Accionistas. The company will consider as a shareholder the one registered as such in the Register of Shareholders, if the shares are nominatives and the holder of these, if they are bearers. The material display of the titles is necessary for the exercise of the rights that incorporate the actions of the bearer, but they can be replaced by the presentation of a proof of deposit in a banking institution, or by certification that the titles are available to an authority en ejercicio de sus funciones. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 120. Emission of Titles. Definitive share titles must be issued within a period of time that does not exceed a year, counted from the date of the constitutive document or its modification. Meanwhile, certificados provisionales may be issued, which must be exchanged for definitive titles. ARTICLE 121. Coupons in Actions. The actions may bear adheridos coupons que desprenderán del título y se entregarán a la sociedad contra el pago de dividends. Los coupons porgon ser al portador, aun cuando el título sea nominativo. ARTICULO 122. Actions in Titles. Los títulos y los certificados provisionales porgan para una o varias acciones. ARTICULO 123. Canje de Títulos. Definitive titles and provisional certificates must be exchanged and canceled when for any reason the indications contained in them have been modified. Sin embargo, estas modificaciones podran estamparse en los titles, siempre que no se difficulte su lectura. ARTICULO 124. Exigibilidad de Títulos. The shareholders will be able to demand judicially the issuance of the provisional certificates and, in their case, of the definitive certificates, at the end of the terms provided for in article 120 of this Code or if they are shorter, those that are fixed by the social escritura. ARTICULO 125. Registro de Acciones Nominativas. The sociedades anónimas that issue nominative shares or provisional certificates will keep a register of the same that will contain: 1º The number and domicile of the shareholder, the indication of the shares that belong to him, expressing the numbers, series, classes and other particularities. 2º En su caso, the calls made and the payments made. 3º Las transmisiones que se realicen. 4º The conversion of nominative shares or provisional certificates into bearer shares. 5º Los canjes de títulos. Machine Translated by Google 6º Los gravámenes que afecten a las actions. 7º The cancellations of these and of the titles. ARTICULO 126. No Inscripción de Actions. The negative or unjustified delay of the society to register a shareholder in the Registro de Acciones Nominativas, the obliga solidariamente with its administrators, al pago de los daños y perjuicios que se occasionaren aquél. En tal caso, el juez ordenará la inscripción. ARTICLE 127. Subscription of New Actions. Unless otherwise agreed in the social escritura, the shareholders will have a preferential right, in proportion to their actions, to subscribe to the news that is issued. This right must be exercised within the fifteen days following the publication of the respective agreement. If the shareholder does not exercise this right within that time, the company's administration may proceed to subscribe the shares in the form that is most convenient for the social interests or open the subscription to the public. ARTICULO 128. Transferencia de Actions. The nominative shares are transferable by endorsing the title that the interested party, in order to hold them as a shareholder, will register them in the corresponding book. The bearer shares are transferable by mere tradition. ARTICULO 129. Destrucción o Pérdida de Actions. In case of destruction or loss of shares to the bearer, the interested party may request its replacement before the judge of the First Instance of the domicile of the company, proposing information to demonstrate the property and pre-existence of the title whose replacement is requested. The judge, with notification to the issuing society, will send the application published in the Official Journal and in another de los de major circulación en el país? the publication will be published three times, with intervals of cinco days por lo menos, and if there is no opposition, the title will be replaced, prior to the granting of a suitable warranty, at the discretion of the judge. The guarantee will cover at least the nominal value of the title and will expire in two years from the date of issue, without any declaration. Does judicial intervention not require judicial intervention? it is at the discretion of the administrators of the society to require or not to provide the guarantee. ARTICULO 130. Prohibition of Voting. Machine Translated by Google The shareholder who in a determined operation has a proprietary or third-party interest contrary to the company will not have the right to vote on the agreements related to that. Las actions que se encuentre en tal situación, serán computadas para los efectos del quorum de presencia. The shareholder who contravenga this disposition, will be responsible for damages and damages, cuando sin su voto no se hubiese logrado the majority necessary for the validity of the resolution. ARTICULO 131. Dividendos Preferentes a Acciones de Voto Limitado. No podra distributorise dividends a las acciones ordinarias sin que antes se signale a las de voto limitado, un dividendo no menor del six per ciento (6%) in el ejercicio social correspondente. The social escritura or the act of creation of limited voting actions, may establish a greater percentage or the accumulation of the dividend not paid in one exercise in other exercises or other modalities. These circumstances must be contained in the title of tales actions. The holders of limited voting shares will have the rights that this Code confers on minorities with respect to opposition to social decisions and knowledge of balance sheets of the society. Al hacerse la liquidación de la sociedad, las actions de voto limitado se reimbursarán antes que las comunes. SECCION TERCERA Of the General Assemblies ARTICLE 132. Asamblea General. The general assembly formed by the shareholders legally convened and reunited, is the supreme body of the society and expresses the social will in the matters of its competence. The matters mentioned in articles 134 and 135 are of the exclusive competence of the assembly. ARTICULO 133. Classes of Assemblies. Las asambleas generales de shareholders are ordinary and extraordinary. Las especiales se regirán, en lo aplicable, por las normas dadas para las generales. ARTICULO 134. Asambleas Ordinarias. The ordinary assembly will meet at least once a year, within the four months following the close of the social exercise and also at any time called. The following must be occupied in addition to the issues included in the agenda: 1º Discuss, approbar o improbar el estado de pérdidas y ganancias, el balance general y el informe de la administración, y en su caso del órgano de fiscalización, si lo hubiere, y tomar las medidas que juzgue opportune. 2º. Nombrar y remover a los administrativos, al órgano de fiscalización, si lo hubiere, y determinar sus respective emolumentos. Machine Translated by Google 3º Conocer y resolver acerca del proyecto de distribución de utilitas that the administrators must submit to their consideration. 4º Conocer y resolver de los asuntos que concretemente le signale la escritura social. ARTICULO 135. Asambleas Extraordinarias. Son asambleas extraordinarias, las que se réúnan para treatar cualquiera de los siguientes asuntos: 1º Toda modificación de la escritura social, including the increase or reduction of capital or extension of the term. 2º Creation of limited or preferred voting actions and the issuance of obligations or bonds when no esté previsto en la escritura social. 3º The acquisition of shares of the same company and the disposal of them. 4º Increase or decrease the nominal value of the shares. 5º Los demás que exijan la ley or la escritura social. 6º Cualquier otro asunto para el que sea convocada, aun cuando sea de la competition de las assemblyas ordinarias. Estas asambleas podran reunirse en cualquier tiempo. ARTICULO 136. Ejecutores E speciale s. The general assembly will be able to designate special executors of its agreements. ARTICULO 137. Derechos de Terceros. The rights of third parties and the rights of shareholders against the company cannot be affected by the resolutions of the general assembly. All clauses or pacts that suppress or diminish the rights attributed to minors by law will be null and void. They will also be null, unless the law determines otherwise, the agreements or clauses that suppress the rights attributed by law to each shareholder. The general assembly, by agreement of the majority indicated in article 149, may modify or suppress the rights conferred on one or more shareholders, provided they consent in the form indicated in article 155. ARTICULO 138. Requisitos de la Convocatoria. Machine Translated by Google The general assembly must be convened by means of notices published at least twice in the Official Journal and in another of those of major circulation in the country, with no less than fifteen days in advance of the date of its celebration. Los avisos must contain: 1º The name of the company in notorious typographical characters. 2º The location, date and time of the meeting. 3º La indicación de si se trata de asamblea ordinaria, extraordinaria o especial. 4º The requirements that are needed to be able to participate in it. Si se tratare de una asamblea extraordinaria o especial, los avisos de convocatorio muste señalar los asuntos a tratar. In case that the social deed authorizes the celebration of assemblies of the second convocation, the date, time and place in which these meetings will be held must also be indicated. In companies that have issued nominative shares, a notice shall be sent to the holders thereof and to the registered address, a written notice containing the details indicated above, which shall be sent by certified mail with the anticipation indicated in the first paragraph of this article ARTICULO 139. Petition Sobre Utilidades. Todo shareholder tiene derecho to ask that the ordinary annual general assembly resolve sobre la distribución de las utilitas. ARTICULO 140. Convocatoria de las Asambleas. The convocation for the assemblies must be done by the administrators or by the tax authority, if there is one. If the calls coincide, preference will be given to the administrator and the respective agendas will be merged. ARTICULO 141. Mínimo para Convocar a Asamblea General. The shareholders who represent at least twenty-five percent (25%) of the shares with right to vote, may request in writing to the administrators, at any time, the convocation of a general meeting of shareholders to deal with the issues that indicén en su petition. If the administrators refuse to make the call or do not do it within the fifteen days following the one in which they have received the request, the shareholders may proceed as determined by article 38, inciso 2º of this Code. ARTICULO 142. Petition Judicial de Asamblea General. Machine Translated by Google In addition to what is prescribed in article 38, paragraph 2 of this Code, any shareholder may judicially promote the convocation of the general assembly, when the annual assembly has not been convened or if it had been held it would not have dealt with the issues indicated in the article 134. ARTICULO 143. Lugar de Reunion. General meetings will be held at the company's headquarters, unless the company's escritura permits its meeting elsewhere. ARTICLE 144. Agenda. The agenda should contain the relationship of the issues that will be discussed and approved by the general assembly and will be formulated by the person who makes the call. Those who have the right to ask for the convocation of the general assembly, also have the right to ask for certain items to be placed on the agenda. ARTICULO 145. Estados e Informes a la Vista. During the fifteen days preceding the annual ordinary assembly, they will be available to shareholders, in the company offices and during working hours on business days: 1º The general balance of the social exercise and its corresponding estado de pérdidas y ganancias. 2º The utility distribution project. 3º The detailed report on remuneration and other benefits of any order received by the administrators. 4º The memoria razonada de laboros de los administrators sobre el estado de los negocios y actividades de la sociedad during the previous period. 5º El libro de actas de las asambleas generales. 6º The books that refer to the issuance and registration of actions or obligations. 7º El informe del organo de fiscalización, si lo hubiere. 8º Any other document or data necessary for the proper understanding and intelligence of any issue included in the agenda. Cuando se treate de asambleas generales que sean las annuales, los cionistas gozarán de igual derecho, en cuanto a los documents señarados en los incisos 6º, 7º, y 8º, anteriores. In case of extraordinary or special assemblies, it must also be circulated with the same anticipation, a circumstantial report on what concerns the need to adopt the extraordinary resolution. Los administrativos y en su caso, el órgano de fiscalización, si lo habiere, responderán de los daños y perjuicios que cause por cualquier inexactitud, ocultación o simulación que contengan such documents. En el caso de no poner a la disposibilidad de los accionistas alguno or algunos de los informos a que están Machine Translated by Google obligados, el juez ante el que ocurri cualquier shareholdera, podra compelerlos a presentarlos en la vía de apremio, sin que por ello se suspende la asamblea. ARTICULO 146. Inscripción para asistir a Asambleas. Holders of nominative shares registered in the register, five days before the date on which the meeting is to be held, and holders of bearer shares who have made their deposit at the same time will be able to attend the meeting. actions in the form provided by the social escritura and, in its default, by article 119. ARTICLE 147. Presidency of the Assemblies. Unless agreed in contrario de la escritura social, the ordinary or extraordinary assemblies will be chaired by the sole administrator or by the president of the Board of Directors, if there is no one appointed by the shareholders present. Actuará como secretario de la asamblea, el del Consejo de administración o un notario. ARTICULO 148. Quorum y majoias en asamblea ordinaria. For an ordinary assembly to be considered reunited, at least half of the actions that have the right to vote must be represented. Resolutions will only be valid when taken, at least, by the majority of votes present. ARTICULO 149. Quorum y majoias en asambleas extraordinarias. Except that in the social escritura a higher majority is set, in the extraordinary assemblies must be represented so that they are considered legally reunited, a minimum of sixty percent (60%) of the shares that have the right to vote. The resolutions will be taken with more than fifty percent (50%) of the voting shares issued by the company. ARTICULO 150. Quórum de la asamblea de segunda convocatoria. If the social escritura permitiera the meeting of the ordinary or extraordinary assembly by segunda convocatoria, it will be en cuanto al minimum of present actions with right to vote necessary for its constitution and the majority required to take agreements a los que dicha escritura determines. Sin embargo, dealing with the issues detailed in article 135, the decisions in the assembly of the second convocation should be taken by the favorable vote of at least three percent of the shares with right to vote issued by the company. ARTICULO 151. Successive Sessions. Machine Translated by Google The general assembly will be able to agree on its continuation in the next days until the conclusion of the agenda. ARTICULO 152. Quorum de presencia. The disintegration of the quorum of presence will not be an obstacle for the assembly to continue and to adopt agreements, if they are voted by the legally required majorities, those that in the ordinary assemblies will be established with the initial quorum. ARTICULO 153. Formalidades de las actas y su registro. The minutes of the general meetings of shareholders will be placed in the respective book and must be signed by the president and the secretary of the assembly. Cuando por cualquier circunstancia no pudiere asentarse el acta de una asamblea en el libro respectiveo, se levantará ante notario. Within the fifteen days following each extraordinary assembly, the administrators must send to the Mercantile Registry, a certified copy of the resolutions that have been taken about the issues detailed in article 135. Of the fulfillment of these obligations responden solidariamente el presidente de la asamblea y la administración. ARTICULO 154. Obligatoriedad de las resolutions. The resolutions legally adopted by the shareholder assemblies are binding even for the partners who are not present or who vote against, except for the rights of impugnación or annulment and withdrawal in the cases specified by law. ARTICULO 155. Asambleas especiales. In the event that there are diverse categories of shareholders, any proposal that may prejudice the rights of one of them must be approved by the affected category at a special meeting. In the special assemblies, the ordinary rules will be applied and they will be presided over by the shareholder who designates the present partners. ARTICULO 156. Asamblea totalitaria. Toda asamblea podrá reunirse en cualquier tiempo sin necessidad de convocación previa if the totality of the shareholders who correspond to the matter to be treated are present, provided that no shareholder objects to the celebration and that the agenda is approved by unanimity. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 157. Derecho de Impugnación. Los acuerdos de las asambleas may be impugned or annulled when they have been taken in violation of the provisions of the law or of the social escritura. Estas acciones, salvo pacto en contrario, se ventilarán en juicio ordinario. ARTICULO 158. Caducidad. The actions of impugnación or of nullity will be governed by the provisions of the common law, but will expire at the end of six months counted from the date on which the assembly took place. ARTICULO 159. Fianzas para Providencias Cautelares. The execution of impugned resolutions or those subject to nullity actions may be suspended by the judge, provided that the actors provide sufficient security to respond to the damages and losses that may be caused to the company, by the non-execution of said resolutions, in case of que la sentencia declare unfundada la action. This suspension can be decreed as a cautionary provision or as an incident in the principal judgment. ARTICLE 160. Depósito de Acciones. For the exercise of the judicial actions referred to in articles 141, 142, 145 and 157, the shareholders will deposit the securities of their actions in a bank, which will issue the corresponding certificate to accompany the request. Las actions depositadas no se devolverán, sino hasta la concluzione del juicio? but the depositary will issue the documents necessary for the exercise of social rights. The limited voting shareholders will have the same rights as the owners of common shares for the effects of the exercise of the actions of nullity and impugnación. ARTICULO 161. Asambleas de Sociedades Irregulares. The validity of an assembly or its agreements will not be affected by the irregularity of the society. SECCION CUARTA ADMINISTRATION ARTICULO 162. Administration. A single administrator or several administrators, acting together in a board of directors, will be the body of the company's administration and will be responsible for managing the business of the company. If the social escritura does not indicate a fixed number of administrators, it will correspond to the general assembly to determine it, al hacer each election. Machine Translated by Google Los administrativos pueden ser o no socios? they will be elected by the general assembly and their appointment will not be possible for a three-year period, although reelection is permitted. The administrators will continue in the performance of their functions even when the term for which they were appointed has concluded while their successors do not take possession. The appointment of administrator is revocable by the general assembly at any time. ARTICULO 163. Facultades de los Administradores. The extension of the faculties of the administrators will be governed by what is available in the social escritura and in its default by the provisions of article 47 of this Code and its limitations must be expressed in the own appointment. ARTICLE 164. Legal Representation. The sole administrator or the council of administration in his case will have the legal representation of the company in court and outside of it and the use of the social razon, a menos que cosa disponga the constitutive escritura. The council of administration will be able to grant powers to the name of the society, but the only administrator will only be able to do so if he is authorized to do so by the social escritura or by the general assembly. ARTICLE 165. Vote of the Administrators. Si la escritura social lo autorizamente expresamente, los administrativos podran ser representados y votarán en las reuniones del consejo de administración por otro administrador acreditado por carta-poder o mandato. ARTICLE 166. President of the Council of Administration. The social escritura will determine the form of appointing the president of the board of directors and, in the absence of stipulation, the administrator will be appointed first and, failing that, the person who will follow the order of appointment. The president of the board of directors will be the executive body of the company and will represent it in all matters and businesses that it has resolved, unless otherwise agreed. No obstante lo previous, the consejo de administración podrá nombrar de entre sus members un delegado para la execución de actos concretos. ARTICLE 167. Resolutions of the Council. Para que el consejo de administración puede deliberación y tomar validos resolucions, se requirá que majojoria de sus members esté presente o dutifully representeda en la reunion, salvo que la escritura social requiera un major número. Machine Translated by Google The resolutions of the board of directors will be taken by the majority of the votes of the administrators present or represented at the meeting, unless the corporate charter requires a qualified majority. Each administrator will have a vote. El president podrá tener voto resolutivo para el caso de empate, si así se determina en la escritura social. ARTICULO 168. Administradores suplentes. La escritura social puede disponer the appointment of substitute administrators. Estos llenarán las temporary or definitive vacancies que se presenten en el consejo de administración, de acuerdo con las dispositiones de la escritura social. De no haber administrativos suplentes, ni haberse previsto en la escritura social la forma de llenar las vacancies que se presenten en el consejo de administración o en el chargeo de administrativos, la asamblea general will make the appointment. ARTICULO 169. Interests of the Administrator. The administrator who has direct or indirect interest in any operation or business, must manifest it to the other administrators, abstain from participating in the deliberation and resolution of such issue and retire from the meeting place. The administrator who violates this provision will be responsible for damages and damages caused to society. ARTICULO 170. Beneficios Ajenos a los Negocios Sociales. Todo administrador que por razón de serlo derives some personal utility or beneficio ajeno to los negocios sociales, deba manifestarlo al consejo de administración oa la asamblea general in el caseo ser administrador único, para que se tomen las resolucciones pertinentes. De no hacerlo, podrá ser obligato integrar al patrimonio de la sociedad tal beneficio o utilitas y además será removado de su cargo. ARTICULO 171. Responsabilidad General. The administrator will respond before the company, before the shareholders and before the creditors of the company, for any damages and losses caused by their fault. If the administrators are diverse, the responsibility will be solidary. The administrators who have voted against the agreements that have caused the damage will be exempt from such responsibility, as long as the vote against is recorded in the minutes of the meeting. ARTICULO 172. Responsabilidad Specifica. In addition, the administrators will also be jointly and severally responsible: Machine Translated by Google 1º De la efectivedad de las aportaciones y de los valores assignados a las mismas, si veren en especie. 2º Of the real existence of the net profits that are distributed in the form of dividends to the shareholders. 3º De que la contabilidad de la sociedad se lleve de conformación con las dispositivos legales y que ésta sea veraz. 4º Of the exact fulfillment of the agreements of the general assemblies. ARTICLE 173. Extinction of Liability. The responsibility of the administrators before the company and the shareholders is extinguished: 1º For the approval of the reports and the financial statements rendered in the general meetings regarding the operations explicitly contained in them, save that: a) The approval of such documents is not true? y b) If there is an express agreement of the shareholders to reserve or exercise the action of responsibility. 2º If hubiere proceeded in compliance with agreements of the general assembly that are not notoriously illegal. 3º Por la approvación de su gestioni or por renuncia expresso o transacción acordada por la asamblea general. ARTICULO 174. Acción de Responsabilidad. The action of responsibility against the administrators will be established prior to the agreement of the general assembly, which may be adopted although it is not included in the agenda of the session. The assembly itself will designate a person who has to exercise the action in the name of the society. Si ésta no entablare la action dentro de los dos meses siguientes al acuerdo, cualquier shareholder podra, en defecto del nombrado, entablare action a nombre de la sociedad. Sólo podra podra renunciarse al exercicio de esa action, desistirse de ella o celebrarse transacción al efecto, via agreement of a general assembly adopted by a majority of seventy and five percent (75%) of the actions with right to vote. El acuerdo de promote action de responsabilidad contra uno o varios de los administrativos, causa de pleno derecho la remoción de los mismos, aunque posteriormente se disponga celebrar transacción con ellos. ARTICULO 175. Mínimo de Accionistas que pueden Entablar Acción. Notwithstanding what is established in the previous article, the shareholders who represent at least ten percent (10%) of the capital, may jointly initiate, against one or several administrators, liability action, provided that: Machine Translated by Google 1º. La demanda comprenda el monto total de las responsabilidades a favor de la sociedad y no unique el interes de quienes promuevan action. 2º. That the actors have voted against the resolution that extinguished the responsibility of the administrators. The goods that are obtained as a result of the action will be received by the society, after deducting the costs proven to be incurred to exercise it. ARTICULO 176. Acción de Indemnización. No obstante lo established en los articles precedentes, quedan a salvo las actions de indemnificación que puedan correspond a los acionistas oa terceros, por actos de los administrativos que directamente los interesos de aquéllos. ARTICULO 177. Acción de los Creedores. The creditors of the society will only be able to direct themselves against the administrators when the action that seeks to reconstitute the social heritage has not been exercised by the society and it is about an agreement that seriously threatens the guarantee of the credits. The creditors will be able to exercise the action of revocation, en cuanto al acuerdo de la asamblea general que disponga renunciar del exercise de la action de responsabilito, desistir del juicio respectiveo o celebrar transacción con uno or varios administrativos. ARTICULO 178. Removal. Los administrativos pueden ser removedos, sin necesidad de expresión de causa, mediate acuerdo adopted por una asamblea general. Al resolving the removal of one or several administrators, the assembly itself will nominate those who replace them. ARTICULO 179. Remoción Partial. For the partial removal of administrators, will there be a vote for each person who wants to be removed? para lograrlo it will be necessary that the votes that oppose its removal be less than those required to elect it. If the writing contemplates the election of administrators for diverse classes of actions, their removal will be done by vote of the shareholders of the same class. En lo applicable, the accumulation of votes prescribed in article 115 will be observed. ARTICULO 180. Reinstalación. Machine Translated by Google Los administrators removed por causa de responsabilidad, sólo potran ser nombrados nuevamente en caso de que, en sentencia firme, se les absuelva de la acción intended en su contra. ARTICLE 181. Appointment of Managers. The general assembly or the administrators, according to the disposition of the social escritura, may appoint one or more general managers or especiales, sean or no shareholders. The appointments of managers may be revoked at any time by the general assembly or by the administrators, as the case may be. The cargo de gerente is personal and indelegable. ARTICULO 182. Facultades de los Gerentes. Los gerentes will have the faculties and attributions that establish the social escritura, and also those that the council of administration confers on them and, within them, they will enjoy the most extensive faculties of legal representation and execution. You must periodically report your management to the council of administration. If the faculties and attributions of the managers are not delimited, they will have a factor. The manager will respond to society for the same causes as the administrators. ARTICULO 183. Solidaridad de Administradores y Gerente. Although the manager has been designated by the general assembly, he corresponds to the administrators the direction and vigilance of his management and they will respond solidarily with him of the damages that his action causes to the society, if there is serious negligence in the exercise of these functions. SECCION QUINTA FISCALIZATION ARTICULO 184. Quiénes Fiscalizan. The social operations will be audited by the shareholders themselves, by one or several accountants or auditors, or by one or several commissioners, in accordance with the provisions of the social escritura y lo established in this chapter. The social escritura can establish that the fiscalization is exercised by more than one of the systems antes signalados. ARTICULO 185. Designation. Los contadores, auditores o los comisarios, must be designated by the ordinary annual assembly that practices the election of administrators? y para el ejercicio de sus funciones dependerán exclusivo de la asamblea, a la cual rendirán sus reports. Si hubiere más de dos comisarios, éstos actuarán separadamente. In the same annual ordinary assembly, the accountants, auditors or substitute commissioners will be elected, who will exercise the functions of fiscalization only in the absence of the holders. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 186. Derecho de nombrar Auditor. If, notwithstanding the foregoing, no auditors or commissioners are appointed, without prejudice to the right of shareholders to examine by themselves or through experts the accounting and documents of the company, any number of shareholders, even if they represent a minority , tiene el derecho para nombra un auditor o comisario para que por cuenta de la sociedad fiscalice las operaciones sociales hasta que la junta general de accionistas haga la designation correspondente. ARTICULO 187. Procedimiento para elegir o remover. Para el elección de comisarios, los cuales pueden ser o no accionistas, si veren más de uno, se procederá como lo determina el article 115 de este Código. For the removal of the auditors or the commissioners, the procedure will be as established for the removal of administrators in articles 178 and 179 of this Code. ARTICULO 188. Attributions. They are the attributions of the auditors or the commissioners, in addition to the others that signal special laws, the social escritura or the general assembly: 1º Fiscalizar the administration of the society and examine its general balance and other accounting states, to be sure of its veracity and reasonable accuracy. 2º Verify that accounting is kept in legal form and using generally accepted accounting principles. 3º Hacer archeos periódicos de caja y valores. 4º Exigir a los administrativos informas sobre el desarrollo de las operaciones sociales or sobre determinadas negocios. 5º Convocar a la asamblea general cuando ocurran causas de solución y se presenten asuntos que, en su opiniónio, requieran del conocimiento de los accionistas. 6º Submit to the council of administration and make them insert in the agenda of the assemblies, the points that are deemed relevant. 7º Assist con voz, pero sin voto, a las reuniones del consejo de administración, cuando lo estimen necesario. 8º Assist con voz, pero sin voto, a las asambleas generales de accionistas y presentar su informe y dictamen sobre los estados financiers, including the initiatives que su juicio convengan. 9º In general, fiscalize, vigilar and inspectar en cualquier tiempo the operations of the society. ARTICULO 189. Incompatibility. They may not be auditors or commissioners of society: Machine Translated by Google 1º Las personas que no sean ciudadanos guatemaltecos. 2º Los profesionales que estén habilitados para el exercise de su profession. 3º Quienes conforme a la ley estén inhabilitados para ser commerciales. 4º The employees or functionaries of the society. 5º Las persons que se encuentren, en relación con los administrativos o gerentes de la sociedad, en los casos que den lugar a la recusación de jueces. ARTICULO 190. Denuncia de Irregularidades. Any shareholder will be able to denounce by writing, before the auditors or commissioners, the facts of the administration that he deems irregular and these are in his reports to the general assembly, they must formulate about such complaints, the considerations and proposals that he deems convenient to be discussed and resolved en la propia asamblea. ARTICULO 191. Responsabilidad. The accountants, auditors or commissioners are obliged to fulfill their duties with all diligence and are responsible to the shareholders of the company, in the form established in the Civil Code for professionals. The accountants, auditors or commissioners will observe the due reservation on the facts and documents that come to their knowledge for the reason of their cargo. ARTICULO 192. Falta de Comisarios o Auditores. Cuando por cualquier causa faltare el organo de fiscalización, el consejo de administración debeda convocate, en el termino de tres días a la asamblea general de accionistas, para que ésta haga la desación corresponsible. If the board of directors does not make the call within the specified time, any shareholder may request the judge of the first instance of the domicile of the company, so that the call may be made. In the case that the general assembly does not meet or that the appointment does not meet, the judicial authority of the domicile of the company, at the request of any shareholder, will appoint the commissioners, accountants or the auditor, who will function until the asamblea general de shareholders haga el nombramiento definitiveo. ARTICULO 193. Prohibitions si tuvieren interés. Los auditores o comisarios, que en cualquier operación tuvieren directo o indirecto personal interest, must abstenerse de toda intervention y puter el asunto en conocimiento de la siguiente asamblea general, bajo sanción de responder de los daños y perjuicios que ocasionalen a la sociedad. ARTICULO 194. Disposiciones Supletorias. Machine Translated by Google En lo que sea compatible, se aplicarán al auditor, contador oa los comisarios, las dispositions contenidas en la section relative a Administración. CHAPTER VII DE LA SOCIEDAD EN COMANDITA POR ACCIONES ARTICULO 195.* Sociedad en Comandita por Actiones. Sociedad en comandita por acciones, es aquella in which one or several partners are liable in a subsidiary, unlimited and solidary form for the social obligations and one or several partners are liable for the amount of the shares they have subscribed, in the same forma que los acionistas de una sociedad anónima. Las aportaciones deben estar representedas por acciones, las cuales deben ser nominativas. Las sociedades en comandita por acciones constituidas antes de la vigencia de Ley Extinción de Dominio, cuyo social pacto les faculte a mitir acciones al portador y tengan pending la emission of acciones, must be realized only with acciones nominativas. *Reformed by Article 72, of Decree Number 55-2010 on 29-06-2011 ARTICULO 196. Régimen. La sociedad en comandita por acciones will be governed by the rules relative to the sociedad anónima, salvo lo disposado en los articles siguientes. ARTICULO 197. Razón Social. The social reason is formed with the name of one of the limited partners or with the last names of two or more of them, if there are several, and with the mandatory addition of the legend: y Compañía Sociedad en Comandita por Acciones, which can be abbreviated : y Cía., SCA ARTICULO 198. Socios Comanditados son Administradores. The limited partners tienen a su charge the administration of the society and the legal representation of it and are subject to the obligations and responsibilities of the administrators of the joint stock company. ARTICULO 199. Organo de Fiscalización. In this class of companies, it is mandatory to establish in the constitutive document an audit body integrated by one or several accountants, auditors or commissioners appointed exclusively by the limited partners and whose operation and attributions will be governed by what is provided for the audit of public limited companies . Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 200. Remoción de Administradores. The general assembly can remove the administrators or provide the replacement of the administrator who has ceased to be in charge for any reason. From the moment the new administrator accepts the appointment, he assumes the quality and responsibilities of a partner. El socio comanditado que hubiere sido removedo o sustituido de la administración, mantendrá sus derechos y obligacións como comonidadado, salvo lo relative a administración. ARTICULO 201. Cease de Responsabilidad. The limited partner who ceases to be an administrator is not liable for the obligations of the company, arising after registration in the Mercantile Registry, of the termination of the position. ARTICULO 202. Prohibition of Voting. Limited partners do not have the right to vote for the actions that correspond to them, in the deliberations of the assembly that concern the appointment and removal of the fiscal bodies, the exercise of responsibility and the approval of the acts of the administration . CHAPTER VIII AUMENTO Y REDUCCION DE CAPITAL ARTICULO 203. Increase or Reduction of Capital. The increase or reduction of the social capital must be resolved by the corresponding body, in each of the societies in the form and terms that determine its social escritura, whose resolution will include the amount of the increase or reduction and the form of payment. ARTICULO 204.* En Sociedades Accionadas. En las sociedades accionadas, can the authorized capital increase be agreed through the issuance of new shares or by increasing the nominal value of the shares? en ambos casos, las acciones must be nominativas. The issuance, subscription and payment of shares within the limits of the authorized capital will be governed by the dispositions of the social escritura. In any case, the emission of shares must be carried out solely with nominative shares. *Reformed by Article 73, of Decree Number 55-2010 on 06-29-2011 ARTICULO 205. En Sociedades de Responsabilidad Limitada. En las sociedades de responsabilidad limitada, no podrá otorgarse la escritura de aumento de capital, si no consta de manera fehaciente que la ampliación del capital ha sido integral y effectively paid. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 206. Register of Increase. The capital increase resolution will be registered in the Public Register and will be registered in the Mercantile Registry. ARTICULO 207. Pago del Aumento. The payment of the increase can be realized in any of the following forms: 1º En dinero or en otra clase de bienes. 2º Por compensación de los credits que tengan en contra de la sociedad cualquier classe de creedores. 3º For capitalization of utilities or reserves. The body that agreed to the capital increase will establish the bases for realizing the previous operations, conforme las reglas que signalan los articles 27, 28, 29 y 91 de este Código. ARTICLE 208. Capitalization of Reserves or Utilities. In the case of capitalization of reserves or utilities, the new social contributions, or the actions of the new issue will have the same characteristics as the previous ones. The new social contributions or the shares of this new issue will be assigned free of charge to the partners or shareholders in direct proportion to the shares they had at the time the increase was agreed. ARTICLE 209. Increase in the value of shares. The increase of the social capital by raising the value of the shares requires the unanimous consent of the shareholders, if they have to make new contributions in effect or in kind. ARTICULO 210. Forms of Reduction. The capital can be reduced by a reduction in the value of social contributions, by a reduction in the nominal value of all shares or by amortization of some of them. Under the personal responsibility of the administrator or administrators and the fiscal body, if any, the resolution will be communicated via the fastest mail, with notice of receipt to all creditors of the company whose address is known. ARTICLE 211. * Inscripción. The capital reduction resolution must be inscribed in the Mercantile Register. For the process, a notarial act must be presented in which the respective resolution and the declaration of fulfillment of the obligation mentioned in the second paragraph of the previous article are transcribed. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 104-70 of the Congress of the Republic. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 42-78 of the Congress of the Republic. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 212. * Opposition and Registry. Within the thirty days following the last publication, any interested party may oppose the capital reduction in a summary judgment before a Civil Judge. The public escritura que contenga la reducción de capital social, sólo podrá otorgarse después vencido el plazo mentioned, si no hay oposición de terceos o si habiéndola veren pagadas las acreedurías o se Garantizan dubite a juicio del Tribunal. The testimonial must be submitted to the Mercantile Registry. * Reformed by Article 2 of Decree Number 104-70 of the Congress of the Republic. * Reformed by Article 2 of Decree Number 42-78 of the Congress of the Republic. CHAPTER IX DE LAS SOCIEDADES CONSTITUIDAS EN EL EXTRANJERO ARTICULO 213. Sociedades Constituidas en el Extranjero. Legally established companies abroad that have their headquarters in the territory of the Republic or the principal object of the company are subject, including to the requirements of the validity of the constitutive deed, to all provisions of this Code. The form of the constitution document will be governed by the laws of its country of origin. Queda prohibido el funcción de sociedades extranjeras que se dediquen a la provisiona de servicios profesionales, para cuyo ejercicio se requiere grado, título o diploma universitarios legally recognized. ARTICULO 214. Agencias o Sucursales. The legally constituted societies abroad that wish to establish themselves and operate in any form in the country or wish to have one or several branches or agencies, are subject to the provisions of this Code and the other laws of the Republic, and must have permanent en el país, cuando menos, un mandated, de acuerdo con lo established en el artículo siguiente. ARTICLE 215. * Requirements to operate in the country. In order for a company legally constituted under foreign laws, to be able to establish itself in the country or to have branch offices in it, it must: 1º Check that it is duly constituted in accordance with the laws of the country in which it was organized. 2º Present a certified copy of your constitutive deed and your statutes, if you have them, as well as any modifications. 3º Check that a resolution has been duly adopted by its competent body, for these purposes. Machine Translated by Google 4º Constitute in the Republic a representative with ample powers to perform all the legal acts and business of his business and to legally represent the society, in court and outside of it, with all the relevant special powers established by the Law of Organismo Judicial. If the mandate no tuviere esas facultades, se le considerará vestido de ellas, por ministerio de la ley. 5º. Constitute a capital allocated for its operations in the Republic and a bond in favor of third parties for a quantity no less than the equivalent in quetzals of fifty thousand dollars of the United States of America (US$ 50,000.00), which will be fixed by the Mercantile Registry, which it must remain valid during all the time that said society operates in the country, as well as expressly oblige to respond, not only with the goods it possesses in the territory of the Republic, but also with those it has abroad, for all acts y negocios que celebre en el país. 6º. a) Submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of the country, as well as to the laws of the Republic, for acts and businesses of private law that celebrate in the territory or that have their effects in it? y b) Present declaration that neither the society nor its representatives or employees may invoke derechos de extranjería, pues they will only enjoy de los derechos, y de los medios de exercerlos, que las leyes del país otorgan a los Guatemalans. 7º Declarar que antes de retirarse del país, llenará los requisites legales. 8º Present a certified copy of your last general balance sheet and statement of losses and gains. The documents necessary to verify these extremes must be presented to the Mercantile Registry, for the purposes of obtaining gubernatorial authorization, in accordance with the provisions of the Law of the Judicial Organism. La documentation debe llevar un stamp de Q0.10 per hoja como único impuesto. * Reformados los numerales 5º y 6º por el Artículo 2 del Decreto Número 62-95 del Congreso de la República. ARTICLE 216. Publication of the Balance General. Las sociedades extranjeras, cualquiera que sea su forma, están obligadas a publicar un balance general de sus operaciones en el país, de acuerdo con las dispositivos aplicables a las sociedades anónimas Guatemalacas. ARTICULO 217. Responsabilidad de Representantes o Mandatarios. The representatives or mandatarios of sociedades constituidas en el extranjero, que operen habitualmente en la República sin haber cumpli con los requisites de esta ley, serán solidaria e limitadamente responsable con aquellas por las obligaciones contraídas. ARTICLE 218. * Authorization to withdraw from the country. Before withdrawing from the country or suspending its operations in Guatemala, authorized foreign societies must obtain authorization to do so, which will be extended to them by the Mercantile Registry after presenting: a) Estados Financieros certificados por Contador or Auditor Público, colegiado activo, y acompañar declaración jurada en acta notarial en la que el representative legal haga constar que su representedada complió con todas sus obligacións tributarias hasta la fecha de su retiro, excepto el caso de las obligacións fiscales prescribed? yb) Proof that the obligations and businesses contracted in the Republic have been fulfilled or are guaranteed. Machine Translated by Google In any one of those cases, the patrimonio que la sociedad tuviere in el país, as well as the bond established in accordance with what is indicated in article 215, will be liquidated subject to the provisions of this Code. * Reformed by Article 3 of the Congressional Decree Number 62-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 219. Dissolution or bankruptcy in the country of origin. The dissolution, contest or bankruptcy of the societies in their country of origin must immediately be brought to the attention of the Mercantile Registry and it must take the necessary measures to ensure the national and public interests, including requesting the Executive and the courts to take providencias cautelares del caso. The dissolution, contest or bankruptcy to which this article refers must be published in the Official Journal and in another of the major circulation in the country, three times during the term of one month. ARTICULO 220. Operations that do not require authorization. A company legally constituted abroad is not required to obtain authorization or register in the country, when: 1. Es parte de cualquier gestioni o juicio que se ventile en los tribunales de la republica o en la vía administrativa. 2. Abre o mantiene cuentas bancarias a su nombre en alguno de los bancos autorizos. 3. Efectúa ventas o compras only a agente de comercio independiente, legally established in the country. 4. Manage orders through agents legally established in the country, provided that the orders are subject to confirmation or acceptance outside the territory of the Republic. 5. Otorga loans or open credits in favor of empresarios established in the Republic. 6. Libra, endosa o protesta en la República, títulos de crédito o es tenedora de los mismos. 7. Alquiere bienes muebles, derechos reales o bienes imuebles, siempre que éstos no formen parte de una empresa ni negocie habitualmente con los mismos. Notwithstanding the foregoing, all acts, contracts and businesses related to these activities shall be subject to and governed by the laws of the Republic. ARTICLE 221. * Special Authorization. Foreign companies that have the purpose of operating temporarily in the country for a period of no more than two years must first obtain a Special Authorization from the Mercantile Registry. To grant said authorization, they must previously satisfy the requirements contained in subsections 1º.) and 4º.) of article 215 and prestar fianza in favor of the state of the Republic of Guatemala, por el monto que dentro del tercer día de perquisito fije el Registro Mercantil , que no será menor del equivalente en quetzales de cincuenta mil dolares de los Estados Unidos de América (US$ 50,000.00). El silencio del Registro Mercantil implies the fixation of the minimum amount. Machine Translated by Google * Reformed by Article 4 of Decree Number 62-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. CHAPTER X DE LAS SOCIEDADES IRREGULARES Y DE HECHO. ARTICULO 222. Sociedades con fin ilícito. Las sociedades que tengan fin ilícito serán nullas, aunque estén inscritas. The nullity will be able to be promoted in a summary judgment and before a judge of the First Instance of the Civil, by any interested party or by the Public Ministry and will result in the dissolution and liquidation of the company. ARTICULO 223. Sociedades irregulares. Las sociedades not inscribed in the Mercantile Register, even when they have been exteriorized as tales in front of third parties, they have no legal existence and their partners will respond solidarily and unlimitedly to social obligations. ARTICULO 224. Sociedades de Hecho. The omission of the social escritura y de las solemnidades prescribed, produces absolute nullity. Los partners, sin embargo, will respond solidarily and unlimitedly to third parties, con quienes hubieren contratado a nombre y en interés de la sociedad de hecho. CHAPTER XI DE LA DISOLUCION Y LIQUIDACION DE LAS SOCIEDADES Sección Primera Partial dissolution DE LA EXCLUSION Y SEPARACION DE LOS SOCIOS ARTICULO 225. Partial Dissolution. The exclusion or the separation of one or more partners in non-owned societies, causes the partial dissolution of the society. En las sociedades anónimas, se estará a lo dispositivo en el article 111. ARTICULO 226. Causes of Exclusion. Son causas para exculir a uno o más partners, además de las infractions a los preceptos de los articles 29, 39 y 40 de este Código, el nonfulmiento por el partner o partners de las obligacións que imposes la ley o la escritura sociale y la comisión de actos fraudulentos o dolosos contra la sociedad. Son causas para la exclusión de uno o más partnerso en las sociedades no accionadas las siguientes: 1º. La condena por falsedad o por delito contra la propiedad. 2º. La quiebra. Machine Translated by Google 3º. La interdicción declarada judicialmente para ser comercialte. ARTICULO 227. Acuerdo de Exclusion. The agreement of exclusion will be taken by the vote of the majority and has an effect of thirty days from the date of communication to the excluded partner. El partner no tiene derecho a votar respecting the agreement of exclusion that affects him. Within this term, the excluded partner can file an opposition before a Civil Judge, in summary judgment. In the same way, the exclusion of a partner will be resolved at the request of the other, in societies composed of two partners. ARTICULO 228. Responsabilidad del excluido. The excluded partner will respond in front of the society, de los daños y perjuicios causados por los actos que motivaron la exclusión. ARTICULO 229. Separación en Sociedades no Accionadas. En las sociedades no accionadas, los partners pueden obtener su separación, no solamente por las causas signaladas en los articles 16, 58 y 261 de este Código, sino también en los casos siguientes: 1º. Si la sociedad, a pesar de tener ganancias sufficientes durante los dos ejercicios consecutivos immediados, no reparte utilitas, cuando menos, del ocho por ciento (8%) del capital social paid. 2º. Si no se excluye al partner culpable in los casos previsitos en el article 226 de este Código, a pesar de ser required la society para ello. 3º. Si la sociedad se ha constituido por duración indefinida y el socio manifiesta su voluntad de separarse? en este caso es necesario un aviso previo, por lo menos, con un ejercicio social de anticipación. ARTICULO 230. Right of Separation. The right of separation can only be exercised by partners who have voted against the decisions referred to in paragraph 1. del article anterior y los articles 16, 58 y 261 de este Código, o que hubiesen hecho el requerimiento de clusión del partner mentioned in el inciso 2º. del artículo anterior. The rights referred to in articles 226 and 229 of this Code shall expire if the company or partners do not exercise them within the three months following the date on which they become aware of the fact that may cause exclusion or separation. ARTICULO 231. Derecho de Separación en Sociedades Accionadas. Machine Translated by Google En las sociedades por acciones los partners pueden obtener su separada en el caso del inciso 1º. del artículo 229 y cuando la sociedad cambie su objeto, prorrogue su duración, traslade su domicilio a país extranjero, se transforme o fusione. The right of separation corresponds only to the shareholders who voted against the resolution, and must be exercised within the fifteen days following the date on which the general assembly that took the corresponding agreement was held. La sociedad puede proceder a la sale de las shares del partner que haya separado, siempre que obtenga cuando menos un price equal to the quantity que disembalosó para liquidar a dicho partner. If the sale has not been achieved within six months, the capital must be reduced in compliance with the legal requirements. ARTICULO 232. Responsabilidad del Excluded or Separated. The partner who separates or is excluded from a society, will be responsible for third parties for all outstanding operations at the time of separation or exclusion, according to the nature of the society. El pacto en contrario no producirá efecto en perjuicio de terceos. ARTICULO 233. Retención de Capital. In the cases of exclusion of a partner, the company may retain the capital and profits of that person, until it concludes the pending operations at the time of exclusion, debiendo hacerse entonces the liquidation of the corresponding social capital. The retention period cannot be higher than three years, but if the excluded partner is replaced by another, the liquidation and payment of his fee will be made immediately. ARTICULO 234. Partial Liquidation. Resuelta la exclusión de un partner, se procederá a liquidar la parte que le corresponde y aprobado esa liquidación, la sociedad fijará un plazo prudential para efectura el pago, de acuerdo con lo prescriptio en el artículo anterior. In case of disagreement between the excluded and the society, the term and the conditions will be fixed by the judge of the First Instance of the Civil. Todas las actions a que da lugar el presente article, se ventilarán en juicio sumario. ARTICULO 235. Herederos en Sociedades no Accionadas. En las sociedades no accionadas, the heirs of the deceased partner will be able to use, pero solamente de consumo, the right that can be derived from article 43 of this Code, within the term of three months counted from the date of the death of the causante. If the heirs decide not to enter the society or the legal term expires without manifesting their consent to continue in it or nothing is foreseen in the social escritura, the society will be partially dissolved, and the part corresponding to its cause will be liquidated, a the date of his death and no Machine Translated by Google they will participate in the results after her, unless they are a necessary consequence of the businesses started before the death. Liquidated the part of the deceased partner, the partners who continue the society, will have the right to pay for it for a period not exceeding two years. In case of disagreement, the previous article will be determined. ARTICULO 236. Immediate Liquidation. En el caso de los derechos que conceden a los partners los articles 229, 230 y 231 de este Código, la liquidación y pago deben hacerse immediately. Sección Segunda Dissolution total ARTICULO 237. Causes of Dissolution. The societies are dissolved totally by any one of the following causes: 1º. Expiry date fixed in writing. 2º. Impossibility of continuing to carry out the principal object of society or to remain consummated. 3º. Resolução de los socios taken in general junta or asamblea general extraordinaria. 4º. Loss of more than sixty percent (60%) of the capital paid. 5º. Meeting of the actions or contributions of a society in one person. 6º. Las previstas en la escritura social. 7º. En los casos specifically determined by law. ARTICULO 238. Casos. En el caso del inciso 1º. of the previous article, the dissolution of the societies will be realized by the sole passage of the term fixed in the social escritura, except as provided for in article 25 of this Code. As soon as the administrators know of the existence of any cause of dissolution, they will consign it to a record signed by all and convene a general meeting or assembly, which must be held in the shortest possible time and in any case within the month following the date of the record . If the board or the general assembly decides to remedy the cause of dissolution and modify the company's escritura to continue its operations or alternatively agree to the dissolution of the company, the resolution will be elevated to a public escritura that will be registered in the Mercantile Registry. If there is a cause of dissolution, the partners resolve to continue the partnership and modify the social escritura, the creditors will enjoy the rights set forth in article 25 of this Code. Machine Translated by Google If, despite the existence of a cause of dissolution, no resolution will be taken that allows the company to continue, any interested party may appear before a Court of First Instance of the Civil Court, in summary judgment, in order to declare the dissolution, order the registration in the Registro Mercantil y nombre el liquidador en defecto de los partners. ARTICULO 239. Publication. The declaratory of dissolution will be published officio by the Mercantile Registry, three times during a period of fifteen days in the Official Journal and in another of those of major circulation in the country. Dentro del mes siguiente a la última publication, cualquier interesado podrá sudarimente judicially the cancellation of the registration of the dissolution, si no hubiere existido legal cause to declare it. ARTICLE 240. Prohibition of new operations. The administrators will not be able to initiate new operations after the expiration of the term of the company, the agreement of total dissolution or the verification of a cause of total dissolution. Si contravinieran esta prohibition, los administrators serán solidaria e limitadamente responsable por las operacións emprendidas. Sección Tercera Liquidation ARTICULO 241. Conservación de la Personalidad Jurídica. Dissuelta la sociedad entrará en liquidación, pero conservará su personality juridica, hasta que aquella se conluya y durante ese tiempo, debeda addrá to its denominación or razón social the words: En liquidación. The term for the liquidation shall not exceed a year and when this elapses without it having been concluded, any of the partners or the creditors may request the Judge of the First Instance of the Civil to set a prudential term to conclude de causa lo acordará así. ARTICLE 242. Form of liquidation. The liquidation will be done in the form and by the persons who express the social escritura. If nothing is stipulated about it, the appointment of liquidators will be made by agreement of the partners, taken by majority in the same act in which the dissolution is agreed or recognized. If no fuere posible lograr tal majority, at the request of any partner, the appointment will be made by a First Instance Civil Judge, in an incidental procedure. ARTICULO 243. Publication. Once the liquidators have been appointed and the charges have been accepted, the appointment will be registered in the Mercantile Registry. The fees of the liquidators will be fixed by agreement of the partners, antes de que tomen possession of the charge and if such agreement is not possible, at the request of any partner, a Judge of the First Instance of the Civil will be resolved, in an incidental procedure. Machine Translated by Google The Mercantile Registry will notify the public that the company has entered liquidation and the number of liquidators, through notices that will be published three times at the end of a month, in the Official Journal and in another of those of major circulation in the country. The administrators of the company will continue in the performance of their duties, until they have delivered to the liquidators, all goods, books and documents of the company, according to the inventory. ARTICULO 244. Reglas para la Liquidación. The liquidation will be subject to the rules set out in the social escritura, as long as they are not contrary to the provisions of articles 248, 249 and 251 and in default, it will be done in accordance with the provisions of this section. ARTICULO 245. Solidaridad de los Liquidadores. Si veren varios los liquidadores, éstos mordene proceder conjuntomente y su responsabilidad será solidaria. La discrepancia de pareceres entre ellos será resuelta con los partners que decidirán por majority y, en su defecto, por un Juez de Primera Instancia de lo Civil, en proceduridad incidental. ARTICULO 246. Caución y Remoción. Los liquidadores nombrados judicialmente, must caucionar su responsabilidade antes de entrar al ejercicio del cargo. The Judge himself will fix the amount. Todo liquidador puede ser removed por los partners que decidirán por majority, debiendo nombrar al sustituto en la misma resolution. In any case, a Civil Judge can remove the liquidators at the request of one or several partners, in an incidental and just cause manner. ARTICULO 247. Attributions. The liquidators will have the following attributions: 1º. Legally represent society, judicially and extrajudicially. Por el hecho de su nombramiento quedan autorizados para representarla judicialmente, con todas las facultades especiales pertinentes que estatuye la Ley del Organismo Judicial. 2º. Conclude pending operations at the time of dissolution. 3º. Exigir la cuenta de su administración a cualquiera que haya managed interesos de la sociedad. 4º. Liquidar y pagar las deudas de la sociedad. 5º. Cobrar los créditos activos, percibir su importe, canceller los gravámenes que los garanticen y otorgar los corresponding finikitos. 6º. Vender los bienes sociales, aun cuando haya algun menor o incapacitado entre los partners, con tal que hayan sido sido por aquéllos con la condición de ser devueltos in especie. 7º. Presenter estado de liquidación cuando cualquiera de los partnerso pida. Machine Translated by Google 8º. Rendir cuenta de su administration al final de la liquidación. 9º. Disponer the practice of the general balance, which must be submitted to the approval of the partners, in the form that corresponds, according to the nature of the society. 10º. Liquidar a cada socio su haber social. 11º. Deposit in the Mercantile Registry the final general balance, once approved and obtain from the Registry the cancellation of the registration of the social record. 12º. En general, realizar todos los actos de liquidación. ARTICULO 248. Orden de Pagos. En los pagos, the liquidators will in any case observe the following order: 1º. Gastos de liquidación. 2º. Debts of society. 3º. Aportes de los partners. 4º. Utilities. ARTICULO 249. Prioridad de los Creedores. The liquidators cannot distribute among the partners, not even partially, the social goods, while the creditors of the society have not been paid or the sums necessary to pay them have been set aside. If the funds available are insufficient for the payment of the social debts, the liquidators will demand from the partners the disbursements still owed on their participation, and if they are missing, the necessary sums within the limits of the respective responsibility and in proportion to the part de cada uno en las pérdidas. En la misma proporcione se distribuye entre los partners la deuda del partner insolvente. Si los bienes de la sociedad no alcanzan cobrir las deudas, se procederá con arrego a lo dispositivo en materia de concurso o quiebra. ARTICULO 250. Bienes en Usufructo. The partners cannot require the restitution of their capital before the liquidation of the company is concluded, unless it consists of the usufruct of the goods contributed to the common fund. ARTICULO 251. Distribución de Remanente. In the liquidation of the sociedades accionadas, the liquidators will obligatorily proceed to distribute the remainder among the partners, subject to the following rules: Machine Translated by Google 1º. In the final general balance, it will be indicated the social distribution and the proportional value of the same, paid to each action. 2º. This balance will be published in the Official Journal and in another one of those with major circulation in the country, three times during a term of fifteen days. The balance sheet, documents, books and records of the company will be available to shareholders until the day before the general meeting of shareholders inclusive. The shareholders will have a period of fifteen days, from the last publication, to present their claims to the liquidators. 3º. In the same publications, the shareholders' general assembly will be called to resolve the balance sheet. The assembly must be held at least one month after the first publication and in it the partners will be able to make complaints that have not been attended to previously or form those that are deemed relevant. ARTICULO 252. Entrega de Actions Canceladas. Approved the general balance and the state of losses and gains, the liquidators will proceed to make the corresponding payments to the shareholders, against the delivery of the titles of the duly canceled shares. ARTICULO 253. Prescription. The sums that belong to the shareholders and that are not collected in the course of two months counted from the approval of the final balance sheet, will be deposited in a bank institution with the indication of the shareholder, if the action is nominative, or of the number of the acción, si fuere al portador. If cinco años transcurrieren without any person claiming the delivery of the deposited amounts, the banking institution must award them gratuitously to the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. ARTICULO 254. Period of Liquidation. In what is compatible with the state of liquidation, the society will continue to be governed by the stipulations of its social escritura and by the provisions of the present Code. Los liquidadores no pueden emprender nuevas operaciones. Si contravienen a tal prohibition, responden personal y solidariamente por los negocios emprendidos. A los liquidadores les serán aplicables las norms referentes a los administrators con las limitations inherentes su character. ARTICULO 255. Nullidad del Contrato Social. La nullidad del contrato social, cualquiera que sea la causa, no perjudicata los derechos de terceros de buena fe, contra los partners cuya responsabilidad se determinará según la naturela de la sociedad que se propusieron formar. Si no fuere posible determinarla, el caso se regirá por las dispositions de la sociedad colectiva. Machine Translated by Google Declarada la nullidad, se procederá immediatente a la liquidación. CHAPTER XII DE LA FUSION Y TRANSFORMACION DE LAS SOCIEDADES ARTICULO 256. Formas de Fusión. The fusion of various societies can be carried out in any of these forms: 1º. Por la creación de una nueva sociedad y la disolución de todas las anteriores que se se integren en la nueva. 2º. Por la absorption de una o varias sociedades por otra, lo que produce la disolución de aquellas. En todo caso, la nueva sociedad o aquella que ha absorbedido a las otras, adquiere los derechos y obligacións de las sociedades disueltas. ARTICULO 257. Normas que rigen. Cuando de la fusión de varias sociedades haya de resultar una distinta, su creation se sujetará a los principios que rijan la constitución de la sociedad cuyo gender haya de pertenecer. ARTICULO 258. Responsabilidad que no cesa. The unlimited and solidary responsibility of the collective partners and the comanditados, no cesa por la fusión, respecto de las obligacións derivados de actos anteriores a ella. ARTICULO 259. Resolution and Inscription. The merger must be resolved by the organ corresponding to each of the societies in the form and terms that determine its social escritura. Los acuerdos de fusión deben inscribirse en el Registro Mercantil, siendo título sufficient para ello, actas notariales en las que se trancriba lo acordado por cada sociedad. Once the register has been made, the merger agreements and the last general balance sheet of the societies must be published together in the Official Journal and in another one of the major circulation in the country for three times in the term of fifteen days. ARTICULO 260. Plazo para Autorizar la Escritura. The merger will not be able to take place before two months have passed since the last publication of the agreements mentioned in the previous article, and until then the corresponding public deed may be granted, unless there is written consent of the respective creditors, or el pago directo por medio de depósito de las sumas correspondentes, en un banco del sistema a favor de los creedores que no han given su consimiento. Todo lo cual se hárá constar en la escritura. Machine Translated by Google In this last case cited, term debts will be due on the day of the deposit. Within the term of two months, the creditors of the societies that have agreed to merge can oppose the merger, opposition that will be processed in summary judgment before a Civil Judge. The opposition will suspend the merger, but the tribunal can authorize the merger to take place and grant the respective escritura, upon presentation by the company of a suitable guarantee. ARTICULO 261. Responsabilidad del Inconforme. The partner who does not agree to the merger can be separated, but his contribution and unlimited personal responsibility, if he is a collective or limited partner, will continue to guarantee the fulfillment of the obligations entered into before the merger is taken. ARTICULO 262. Transformation. Las sociedades constituidas conforme a este Código, pueden transformarse en cualquier otra clase de sociedad mercantil. The transformed society maintains the same legal personality of the original society. In the transformation of societies, the provisions contained in articles 258, 259, 260 and 261 of this Code will apply. TITLE II AUXILIARES DE LOS COMERCIANTES CHAPTER I FACTORES Y DEPENDIENTES ARTICULO 263. Factores. They are factors, quienes without being merchants tienen the direction of a company or an establishment. ARTICULO 264. Capacity of the Factor. Para ser factor se requiere tener la capacidad necessaria para representar a otro, de acuerdo con las leyes civiles. ARTICULO 265. Constitución del Factor. The factor is constituted by means of a mandate with representation, granted by the merchant, by appointment that he will extend this last or by written contract of employment. The mandate, nombramiento or contract of work of the factor must be registered in the Mercantile Registry. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 266. Facultades del Factor. The factor that lacks a mandate with representation granted by the merchant, will always be authorized by the ministry of law to perform all operations and to celebrate current contracts related to the object of the company or the establishment it directs. Los contratos que celebre y las operaciones que realice en esas condiciones, obligarán al comercialan ante terceos de buena fe, aun cuando el factor haya infringido las instrucciones del principal o haya committo abuso de confianza. Las limitations a las faculades del factor, aunque estén inscritas en el Registro Mercantil, no producirán efectos contra tercerso de buena fe. The factor will need special faculty to dispose of or record immovable property of the company, contract loans, representar judicialmente al commerciale y para, en general, execute actos que no sean pertinentes a las actividades normales de la company. In the case of societies, it will be as provided in article 47 of this Code. ARTICULO 267. Responsabilidad del Factor. Los factores negociarán y contratrarán a nombre y por cuenta del respectiveo merchante y mordene expresarlo así en los documentos que con tal caracter subscriban. If despite this, the factor contracts in its own name, the other party may direct its action against the principal, who will be solidarily responsible with the factor, if it is demonstrated that he acted on behalf of the principal, or that the contract is trate era pertinente a la actividad normal de la empresa. ARTICULO 268. Responsabilidad del Principal. The principal will also be responsible for the contracts that celebrate the factor that are not relevant to the normal activity of the company, if it is demonstrated that he acted according to the instructions of the principal or that he approved the act, either by express acts or by positive acts or omissions que induzcan presunción de haber sido aprobados. ARTICULO 269. Caso de Varios Factores. Si veren varios los factors se presumirá que pueden actuar separamentamente, a no ser que del power, del nombramiento o del contrato se deduzca expresa or tacitamente que morden actuar conjunto en todos los negocios o en algunos especiales. ARTICULO 270. Prohibitions. Se prohibe a los factores y dependientes traficar por su cuenta y tomar interes en nombre suyo or ajeno en negociaciones del same gender que las que hagan por cuenta de sus principales, a menos que veren expressamente autorizante para ello. Si lo hicieren, las utilitas serán de cuenta del principal, sin que éste quede obligado a pérdidas. ARTICULO 271. Prolongación de Funciones. Machine Translated by Google La qualidad de factor de un establishmente o empresa no termina, ni se interrumpe por la muerte del merchante. ARTICULO 272. Validity of Acts and Contracts. The acts and contracts executed by the factor will be valid with respect to the principal, while the factor has not been notified of the revocation of the mandate, the cancellation of his appointment, the termination of the contract and the disposal that the owner makes of his company and, with relation a third party, while no revocation, cancellation, termination or alienation has been registered in the Mercantile Registry. ARTICULO 273. Dependientes. Son dependientes quienes dempêncian constantamente alguna o algunas gestiones propias del tráfico de una empresa o establismo, por cuenta y en nombre del propietario de éstos. ARTICULO 274. Faculties. The dependents in charge of serving the public within the establishment in which they work, are empowered to perform the operations that are apparently in their charge and to perceive in the establishment the income from sales and services that they perform, unless the principal announces to the public, in lugares visibles, que los pagos deben hacerse en forma distinta. ARTICULO 275. Dependientes Viajeros. Los dependentes viajeros will be considered authorized to operate a number and by account of the principals and to receive the price of the merchandise they sell. Para que cualquier limitation a tales facultades surta efectos contra terceros, debeda constar con characters visible en los formulouries para la subscripción de los pedidos. ARTICULO 276. Reception of Mercaderías or Documents. The receipt of merchandise or documents that the dependent makes by the principal, will be treated as made by this person. ARTICULO 277. Prohibition of Delegation. Neither factors nor dependents of commerce pueden delegar en otros los encargos que recibieren de sus principales, sin noticia y consentimiento de éstos? and in any case of making this delegation in another form, they will respond directly to the management of the substitutes and the obligations contracted by them. ARTICULO 278. General Prohibitions. Machine Translated by Google The dependents cannot derogate or modify the general conditions of contracting or the clauses printed in forms, of the company, nor require the price of merchandise of which they do not hagan entrega or remittance nor grant extensions or discounts that are not customary for the company , a menos que estén autorizados espacially y por escrito por el principal. ARTICULO 279. Responsabilidad de los Factores y Dependientes. Los factores y los dependientes will respond to their principals for the damages and perjuicios they cause to these for having proceeded with dolo, fault or en infraction de la ley or de las orderes or instructions que aquéllos les hubieren giveno. Todo sin prejuicio de la responsabilidad directa del principal frente a tercero. *CHAPTER II AGENTES DE COMERCIO, DISTRIBUIDORES Y REPRESENTATIVES * Text DE Original (AGENTS COMMERCIAL) * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 280. * Agents of Commerce. Son agentes de comercio, las personas que actúen de modo permanente, en relación con uno o varios principales, promoting mercantile contracts or celebrating them en nombre y por cuenta de aquéllos. Los agentes de comercio pueden ser: 1) Dependientes, si actuan por orden y cuenta del principal, forman parte de su empresa y están ligados a éste por una relación de carácter laboral? 2) Independientes, si actuaan por medio de su propia empresa y están ligado con el principal por un contrato mercantil, contrato de agencia. Los agentes de comercio independientes, también podrán celebrar contratos mercantiles por cuenta propia, para vender, distribute, promocionar o locador bien o servicios en el territorio national, cuando así lo haya convenido con el principal. They are distributors or representatives, quienes por cuenta propia, venden, distribuyen, promueven, expensen or colocan bienes o servicios de una persona natural o juridica, national o foreignerna, llamada Principal a quien están ligados por un contrato de distribución o representation. The dispositions of this chapter will govern the activity of other agents who are dedicated to placing insurance, capitalization contracts, savings and loans and similar, except for special laws. Por el contrario, las dispositivos de este chapítulo no serán aplicables a contratos o relaciones de licencias de uso o usufructo de propiedad industrial e intelectual y de françaisos comerciales. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic. ARTICLE 281. * Otrasactividades. Salvo pacto en contrario, los agents de comercio pueden dedicarse to cualquier otra clase de actividades y negocios y aun actuar por cuenta de otros principales, cuyos productos o servicios no compitan entre sí. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 282. * Change of Conditions. Las condiciones generales en que el agente de comercio dependiente puede presentar y tramitar propuestas, o en su caso contratar, podran ser alterados por el principal y las modificaciones serán obligatori para el agente desde el momento en que lleguen su conocimiento. En cuanto a las condiciones generales que rigen el contrato o relación juridica existente entre el principal y el agente de comercio independiente, cualquier cambio deba regirse con lo con lo convenido entre las partes. The content of the agreement, puede probarse in any of the forms established in the law. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic. ARTICLE 283. * Agent, distributor or exclusive representative. El principal puede valerse simultanemente de varios agents, distributiores o representatives en la misma zona y para el mismo ramo de actividad, salvo cuando se hubiere otorgarto por contrato la calidad de agents, distributores o representatives exclusivos para una zone determinada. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic. ARTICLE 284. * Express authorization. The agent will only be able to celebrate contracts in the name of the principal, make payments, grant discounts, quit o terms and vary the conditions of the contracts or forms printed by the principal, if he is expressly authorized to do so. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic. ARTICLE 285. * Reclamaciones y Fianzas. The agent may, in any case, receive complaints and complaints related to the business held by his intermediary, which he must transmit to the principal with the greatest brevity. También podrá el agente obtener fianza para guarantor al principal el complimento de las obligacións contraídas in favor de éste. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic. ARTICLE 286. * Functions of the Agent. Las relaciones entre el principal y el agente independiente, salvo lo dispositivo en este chapítulo, se regirán por lo convenido entre ambas partes. In any case, these agreements will not affect the contracts entered into and the orders and offers accepted between the independent people and good third parties. The agent must transmit without delay to the principal, true copies of the orders and offers he receives and of the contracts he signs, if he is authorized to act on behalf of the latter, in whose case the principal is obligated to third parties in the signed contracts y los pedidos y ofertas convenidos. Except for the case expressed in the previous paragraph, the orders and offers received by the agent will have the character of simple proposals, which will not be binding on the principal until the moment it is contested. Machine Translated by Google accepting them. The principal may, at his discretion accept o no los pedidos y ofertas que le transmita el agente y no tierra obligación de dar conocer a éste las causas o motivos que determinaron el chazo. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICULO 286 bis.* Individuals or legal entities that act as distributors, agents or representatives, pursuant to this law, must be registered as agents, distributors and representatives in the Registro de Agentes, Distribuidores y Representantes, which for this purpose will establish and administer the Mercantile Registry. *Added by Article 16 of Congressional Decree Number 11-2006 on 30-05-2006 ARTICLE 287. * Obligaciones del agente. The agent dependent, debe cumplir su encargo con las instrucciones recibidas y procurir al principal, cuando éste se lo solicitado, informacións pertinentes con relación al mercado oa los diferentes negocios realizados o por realizare por intermedio del agente. Salvo lo disponido en este chapítulo, las obligaciones del agente independiente, se regirán por lo convenido entre éste y el principal. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 288. * Rights of the agent. Except for the express agreement that stipulates it in another way in terms of the remuneration of the agent, he will have the right to a commission on the amount of the business that is carried out by his intervention, according to the usages and practices of the place. In equal conditions, the agent will also have the right to receive a commission for the business concluded directly by the principal with effects in the area reserved for the exclusive agent, if said exclusivity is agreed contractually, even if he had not intervened in those businesses. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 289. * Responsibility of the Principal. If by dolo or fault of the principal no llegare is realized en todo or en parte un negocio contracted por medio del agente, éste conservará el derecho to reclamar entire su commissionis principal. If the business will not be realized totally or partially by agreement between the principal and the third party, the agent will have the right to receive his commission for the part of the business that was realized, unless otherwise agreed. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 290. * Termination of contract of agency, distribution or representation. Machine Translated by Google Los contratos de agencia independiente, distribution o representation mercantil, sólo pueden terminar o rescind: 1. Por mutual consent entre las parts, manifested por escrito? 2. Por expiry del plaza yes lo hubiere? 3. Por decisión del agente, siempre que diere aviso al principal con tres meses de anticipation. This is it caso quedará obligato a la rendición de cuentas desde que fuere required para ello y, si así lo requiere el principal, a reintegrar la mercadería objeto de la relación contractual que obrare en su poder, a precio "CIF". The termination of the contract or agency relationship by virtue of the disposition in this section and the two anteriores, no obligación de indemnizar daños y perjuicios will be generated for any party. 4. Por decisión del principal, en cuyo caso será responsable frente al agente por los daños y perjuicios causados consecuencia tercomo de la minación del contrato o relación comercial si no existiere justa causa para haber giveno por terminado dicho contract relationship o 5. Por justa causa. In this case, the cause of the rescission or termination of the contract will be responsible de los daños y perjuicios causados a la otra parte. Para tal efecto, se entiende que existe justa causa y pueden invokerla favor: en su A) cualquiera de las parts: I. for non-compliance or contravención de la otra parte, de las obligations que hubieren convenido? II. Por la comisión de algún delito contra la propiedad o persona de una de las partes contra la otra? y III. Por la negativa unfundada de la otra parte a renderir los informes y cuentas o practica las liquidaciones relativas negocio, al en el tiempo y modo que se hubiere convenido. b) El principal: I. Si el agente divulga o informa a tercero, sin la debida authorization, de todo hecho, dato, clave o formula cuyo secreto se le haya confiado respectiveo y, por virtue del contrato? II. Por la baja en el average de ventas o collocation de los goods o servicios convenidos, deboto a negligencia o ineptitud del agente, comprobada judicialmente. En caso de que no se demosara dicho extremo, se estará a lo dispositivo en el numeral 4 de este artículo? c) El agents, distributor o representative: I. Cuando el principal llevare a cabo actos que directa o indirectamente, impidan o tiendan a impedir, que the agent complies with the contract. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 291. * Controversias. Si después de ocurrida la termination o rescisión del contrato o relación respective, las partes no se pusieren de acuerdo sobre la cuantía de la indemnización que deba pagarse por los daños y perjuicios causados en los casos previsitos en los numerales 4 y 5 del article anterior, el monto de la misma debora be determined in an arbitral process or in a judicial process en la vía sumaria, para el efecto se entenderá, salvo pacto en contrario, que las partes han optado por el arbitraje si no establecen de manera expresa que la controversia debe dirimirse en la vía sumaria judicial. En caso que la controversia se resuelva en proceso judicial en la vía sumaria, el demandante deboa proponer dictamen de expertos, de conformación con lo established en el Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil, a efecto de que se dictamine dentro del process sobre la existence y la cuantía de los daños y perjuicios reclamados. In the respective contract, the parties may also opt for arbitration or judicial proceedings sumario, para resolver cualquier clase de controversia derivedas de dicho contrato. Para el efecto se Machine Translated by Google entenderá salvo pacto en contrario, que las partes han optado por el arbitraje si no establecen de manera expresa que la controversia debe dirimirse en vía judicial. la summary En todo caso, los procesos judiciales deben tener lugar tramitarse y resolverse en la República de Guatemala, de acuerdo a las leyes nacionales aplicables a los procedurales judiciales. Si una de las partes fuere condenada al pago de indemnisación, la sentencia o el laudo, podra contemplar pronouncement: a) On the existence or non-existence of damages, and in case of declaring their existence, the amount of mismos que en equidad corresponde, según la naturaleza y circunstancias del negocio? y b) Sobre la existence or non-existence of damages, y en caso de declararse su existence, la cuantía de los mismos, siguientes rubros: en los 1) Por concepto de gastos directos y de promotion o propaganda, que se hubieren efectado con motivo y para los fines del contrato, el año. durante ultimo 2) Por concepto de inversiones que con occasión o motivo del contrato, se hayan efectado, siempre que éstas veuren no fines. recuperables o aprovechables para others 3) Por concepto de pago de las mercencias existentes que estuvieren en buen estado y que no pudieren venderse por causa de la termination o rescisión del contrato al price de costo bodega (CIF). También se considerará en buen estado aquella mercancía cuya decomposición sea imputable al principal. 4) Por concepto de indemnisación a que conforme a la ley, tuvieren derecho los empleados o trabajadores cuyo despido obedeciere a la terminationación del contrato. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 8-98 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. *Reformed por el Artículo 17, del Decreto Del Congreso Número 11-2006 el 30-05-2006 CHAPTER III CORREDORES ARTICULO 292. Corridor. Es corredor el que en forma independiente y habitual, se dedicato a poner en contacto a los interesados en the conclusion of a business, sin estar ligado to none of the parties by relations of collaboration, dependencia o representation. Sin embargo, los preceptos contenidos en este chapítulo, no son aplicables a la actividad relacionada con la collocation de pólizas de seguros y fianzas que se normará por la specific legislation. ARTICULO 293. Autorización. Para poder ejercer como corredor, es indispensable tener authorization legal, la que el interesado debora obtener de acuerdo con los requisites que establish the respective regulation. Only the authorized brokers will have the right of brokerage for their services and enjoy them demás derechos y vantageas que la ley otorga a los corredores. ARTICULO 294. Libre Intervención. Machine Translated by Google The merchants are not obliged to request the broker's intervention for the celebration of their contracts, when they occupy as such a person who is not authorized, this is subject to the provisions that comprise the authorized brokers, without prejudice to the established criminal liabilities . ARTICULO 295. Obligaciones. Los corrodores están obligados: 1º. A responder de la identidad de las personas que contrataren por su mediation y segurante de su capacidad legal? si intervinieren en contracts celebrated by incapacitated persons, they will be responsible for damages and damages that result directly from incapacity. 2º. A executor por sí mismos las negociaciones que se les encomidaren. 3º. A proponer los negocios con exactitud, claridad y precisión. 4º. A asistir a la entrega de los objetos, material del negocio, cuando alguno de los contratantes lo exija. 5º. A responder, en las operaciones sobre título de crédito, de la autentidad de la firma del ultimo endorsante o del girador en su caso, ya recogerlos para deliverarlos al tomador. 6º. A conservar, marcada con su sealo y con los de los contratantes, mientras el comprador no las reciba a su satisfacción, una muestra de las mercaderías, siempre que la operación se hubiere hecho sobre muestras. 7º. To expedir, at the cost of the interested parties who asked for it or by mandate of authority, certification of the seats corresponding to the businesses in which they have intervened. 8º. To extend the buyer a signed and complete list of all the titles negotiated with his intervention, with indication of all the necessary details for his proper identification. 9º. A notar en su registro los extremos essentiales de los contratos en que hayan intervenido. 10º. Guardar secreto en todo lo que concierne a los negocios que se les encargue, a menos que por disposition de la law, por la naturela de las operations o por el consentem de los interesados, puedan o deban dar conocer los nombres de éstos. ARTICULO 296. Prohibitions. Se prohibe a los corredores: 1º. Ejecutar negocios mercantiles por su cuenta or tomar interes en ellos bajo nombre propio or ajeno, directly or indirectly. 2º. Desempeñar en el comercio el oficio de cajero, tenedor de libros o contador o dependiente, cualquiera que sea la denominación que llevare. 3º. Exigir o recibir remuneraciones superiores a las convenidas con las partes. 4º. Dar certificaciones sobre hechos que no consten en los asientos de sus registros. Podrán, sin embargo, declarar only en virtud de orden de tribunal competente, lo que hubieren visto o entendido en cualquier negocio. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 297. Libro de los Corredores. The brokers will carry the following books: 1º. An encuadernado y foliado de registro book, in which they will settle, day by day, by order of date and below numeración seguida, todos los negocios executed por su mediation. 2º. Un libro en el cual consignarán los nombres y domiciles de los contratantes, la materia del negocio y las condiciones en que se hubiere celebrated. Los asientos se hárán en el acto de adjustarse el negocio. The books must be previously authorized by the Mercantile Registry and will be carried without abbreviations, blank spaces, or alterations. Los corrodores deben deliverar a cada uno de los contratantes, dentro de las twenty four hours siguientes a la concluzione del negocio, un extracto signed por ellos y por los interesados, del asiento que hubieren verificado en su registro. This extract, signed by the parties, proves the contract. ARTICULO 298. Valor de los Registros. The records of the brokers do not prove the truth of the contract to which they refer, but when the parties agree on the existence of this, it will be determined, to determine their character and conditions, to what is contained in the same records. ARTICULO 299. Exhibición de los libros. The tribunals de oficio oa requerimiento de parte, porganar ordenar la exhibición en juicio de los libros de los corrodores y exigirles los informes queyeren conveniente. ARTICULO 300. Contratante no nombrado. The broker will be able to reserve the name of one contractor in front of the other, but will be personally responsible for the celebration and fulfillment of the contract. If after the conclusion of the contract the number that the broker had reserved was made known, each of the contractors could direct their action directly against the other, without prejudice to the responsibility of the broker. ARTICULO 301. Contrato de Corretaje. En virtud del contrato de corretaje, una o más partes interesadas en la conclución de un negocio se obligan a pagar al broker el corretaje si el negocio se concluye por efecto de su intervention. Siempre que, entre el broker y las partes del negocio concluded por efecto de su interventiono, no se hubiere determinado la parte a cuyo chargeo esté el pago del corretaje, deba pagarlo la parte que haya encargado primaro al corredor. Machine Translated by Google If the business has concluded due to the intervention of several brokers, each one of them has the right to a part of the brokerage. CHAPTER IV BOLSA DE VALORES ARTICLE 302. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 105 of Decree Number 34-96 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. CHAPTER V COMMISSIONISTS ARTICULO 303. Comisionista. Comisionista es quien por cuenta ajena realizas actividades mercantiles. ARTICULO 304. Patente. If the commission agent actuates como tal habitually, he must obtain a patent of agreement with the respective regulation. ARTICULO 305. Encargo. To perform his commission no es necesario que el comisionista tenga un mandate granted en escritura pública, siendo suficiente recibir comisión por escrito o de palabra? but when it has been verbal, the client must ratify it by writing before the business is realized. ARTICULO 306. Comisionista obra en nombre propio. El comisionista puede obrar en nombre propio, aunque trate por cuenta de otro, de consequencia no tiene obligación de manifestar quién es la persona por cuya cuenta contrata? pero queda obligato directamente hacia las personas con quienes contrata, como si el negocio fuese propio. ARTICULO 307. Comitente no tiene acción contra terceros. If the commission agent acts in his own name, the principal has no action against the persons with whom he contracted in the businesses that he placed in his care, unless it precedes an assignment made in his favor by the commission agent himself. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 308. Libertad para Acceptar o Rehusar un Encargo. The commissioner will have freedom to accept or refuse the commission that he has. The order will be presumed accepted if the commissioner does not communicate to the client that he refused it, within the next working day to the person who received the proposal. Although the commissioner refuses the commission, no estará dispensado de practica las diligencias que sean necesario para la conservación de los efectos que el comitente le haya remitido, hasta que éste provea otro comisionista. La execución de tales diligencias no implicará aceptación del encargo. ARTICULO 309. Responsabilidad del Comisionista. Cuando sin causa justa dejare el comisionista de avisar que rehusa la comisión o de cumplir la aceptada, expresa o tacitamente, respondará al comitente de todos los daños y perjuicios que por ello le sobrevengan. ARTICULO 310. Facultad de Vender Objetos Consignados. The commission agent will be able to sell the effects that have been consigned to him through broker or voluntary auction: 1º. Cuando el valor presumonto de los mismos no alcance a cover los expenses que haya de realizar por el transporte, storage, y recibo de ellos. 2º. Cuando habiendo avisado al comitente que rehusa el encargo, éste dentro del día siguiente a aquel en que received dicho aviso, no provea otro comisionista que reciba los efectos que hubiere remitido. 3º. Si ocurriera en ellos una alteración tal que la venta fue necessaria para salvar por lo menos una parte de su valor. In this case, you must consult the client, if possible and have time for it. The liquid product of the effects so sold, will be deposited at the disposal of the customer in a Bank of the same square and in its default, of the closest one. ARTICULO 311. Las Comisiones son Personales. The commission must be performed personally by the commissioner, who cannot delegate his task without being authorized to do so. Bajo su responsabilidad podrá emplear, en el dempego de su comisión, dependientes en operaciones que, según costumbre, se confíen a éstos. Will the commission agent be subject to the instructions of the client in the performance of his cargo? cumpliéndolas, quedará exempto de responsabilidad. En lo foreseen y fijado expresamente por el comitente, debeda el misionista consultarle, siempre que lo permite la naturela del negocio. Si no fuere prudente la consulta o estuviere autorizado para obrar a su arbitrio, hará lo que su buen juicio le dicte y se mas conforme al uso del comercio, cuidando del negocio como propio. If an unforeseen event adversely affects the execution of the instructions received, at the discretion of the commissioner, he may suspend the fulfillment of the commission, communicating it to the commissioner by the fastest means. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 312. Obligaciones de Suplir Fondos. En aquellas commissions whose fulfillment requires the provision of funds, the commissioner will not be obliged to execute them, while the client does not have enough money and can suspend them when they have consumed what they would have done. When the commissioner commits to anticipating funds for the performance of the commission, he will be obliged to supply them, except in case of suspension of payments or bankruptcy of the principal. ARTICULO 313. Devolución de Fondos. The risks that occur in the return of funds remaining in the hands of the commission agent, after having fulfilled his order, are borne by the commission agent, unless in the way of doing it the commission agent had separated himself from the orders and instructions he received from comitente. ARTICULO 314. Avisos al Comitente. El comisionista estará obligado a dar aviso opportuno a su comitente, de todos los hechos o circunstancias que puedan determinarle a revocar o modificar el encargo. It must also be given without delay from the execution of the commission. ARTICULO 315. Ratificación del Comitente. En las operaciones hechas por el misionista con violation o exceso de comisión recibida, además de la indemnización in favor del comitente por daños y perjuicios, éste podrá ratificarlas o dejarlas charge del comisionista, quien en este caso queda obligado frente terceros. ARTICULO 316. Responsabilidad por lo que Recibiere. The commission agent will respond to the effects that he receives, according to the data contained in the remittance notice, unless the differences are confirmed when he receives them. ARTICULO 317. Conservación de los Efectos. El commissionista que tuviere en su poder efectos por cuenta ajena, responderá de su conservación en el estado en que los recépivo. Cesará esta responsabilidad cuando la destrucción o menoscabo sean duedos a caso fortuito, fuerza mayor, transcurso del tiempo o vicio propio de la cosa. En los casos de pérdida parcial o total por el transcurso del tiempo o vicio de la cosa, el misionista estará obligado acretar el menoscabo de las mercaderías, lo que putdrá en conocimiento del comitente tan luego lo adviera. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 318. Seguro de los Efectos. Does the commission agent responsible for the shipment of effects to another place have to contract the transport with the shipper’s obligations? debera aseguralos, si tuviere orden para ello y contare con la provisioni de fondos necesarios, o se hubiere obligato to anticipate them. ARTICULO 319. Deterioro de Marcas. The comisionistas will not be able to alter the brands of the effects that they had purchased or sold by another party, nor have effects of a similar species belonging to different owners, under a different brand, without distinguishing them by a countermark that designates the respective property of each customer. ARTICULO 320. Venta al Crédito oa Plazo. El comisionista no podrá sin autorización del comitente, prestar ni vender al crédito oa plazo pudiendo en casos como éstos, el comitente exigerle el pago al contado, dejando a favor del comisionista cualquier interes o vantagea que resulte de dicho crédito o plazo. ARTICULO 321. Aviso de Venta a Plazo. If the commission agent, with due authorization, vendiere a plazos, he must notify the principal as well, including the names of the compradors. Si no lo hiciere, se entenderá en sus relaciones con el comitente, que las ventas fueron al contado. ARTICULO 322. Responsabilidad por no Cobrar. The commission agent who does not collect the credits of his client in the periods in which they must be required or does not use the legal means to obtain the payment, will be responsible for the damages caused to his client for his delay or omission. ARTICULO 323. Facultad de Revocar o Reformar. El comitente tiene facultad en cualquier estado del negocio to revoke, reform or modify the commission? pero queda a su charge las resultas de todo lo que se haya practicado hasta entonces con arrego a sus instrucciones. In this case, he will pay the commissioner what he has spent until that day in the performance of the commission. ARTICULO 324. Prohibition of Acquisition. El commissionista no podrá comprar para si ni para otro, lo que se le hubiere mandado vender, ni venderá lo que se le haya mandado comprar, sin consentem expreso del comitente. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 325. Various Credits. The commission agent who has credits against the same person, from operations made on behalf of different clients, or either on his own account or on behalf of others, will record in all deliveries made by the debtor the name of the interested party for whose account he receives each one of them and it will be expressed equally in the document of descargo que de al deudor. When in the receipts and in the books it is omitted to express the application in the delivery made by the debtor of different operations and owners, as prescribed in the previous paragraph, the application will be made in proportion to the import of each credit. ARTICULO 326. Informs. The commissioner must inform the commissioner of the march of his commission and render account of his management. ARTICULO 327. Economías y Ventajas. Todas las economías y vantageas que obtenga un misionista en los contratos que celebre por cuenta de otro, redundarán en beneficio del comitente, quedándole prohibido cobrar o percibir comisión de quien non sea su comitente. ARTICULO 328. Remuneration. Todo commissionista has the right to be remunerated by his client. In the absence of prior stipulation, the amount of the remuneration will be regulated by the use of the place where the commission is made. ARTICULO 329. Reembolso de Gastos. The principal is obliged to satisfy the account of the commission agent by means of a justified account, the import of all his expenses and disbursements, with the commercial interest from the day on which they would have been done, including the penalties incurred in compliance with the express orders of the principal. ARTICULO 330. Preferencia en el Pago. The effects that are real or virtually in the power of the commission agent will be understood especially and preferentially affected by the payment of their commission, as well as the advances and expenses that the commission agent would have made on their behalf, and they will not be dispossessed of them without in advance se le paguen. ARTICULO 331. Termino de la Comisión. La comisión termina por muerte o inhabilitación del comisionista? la death or inhabilitación del comitente no termina la comisión, pero sus representatives pueden revocarlo. Machine Translated by Google BOOK II DE LAS OBLIGACIONES PROFESSIONALES DE LOS COMERCIANTES TITLE I DEL REGISTRO MERCANTIL CHAPTER I REGISTRADORES, FORMA Y MATERIA DE LA INSCRIPCIÓN ARTICULO 332. Registro Mercantil. The Mercantile Registry will function in the capital of the Republic and in the departments or zones that the Executive determines. The registrants must be attorneys and notaries, active collegiates, Guatemalan naturals, have at least five years of professional experience and their appointment will be made by the Executive for the body of the Ministry of Economy. The registrar of the capital must inspect, at least twice a year, the other mercantile records and of the faults or defects that he observes, he will report immediately to the Ministerio de Economía, proposing the measures that he deems relevant. El Ejecutivo por intermedio del cito Ministerio, emitirá los aranceles y regulamentos que procedieren. ARTICLE 333. * Registros. The Mercantile Registry will be public and will carry the following books: 1º. Individual merchants. 2º. De sociedades mercantiles. 3º. De empresas y establismos mercantiles. 4º. De auxiliaries de commerce. 5º. Presentation of documents. 6º. The books that are necessary for the other inscriptions that are required by law. 7º. Indexes and auxiliary books. These books, which can be formed by the loose leaf system, will be foliated, sealed and initialed by a Civil Judge, expressing in the first and last folio the matter to which they refer. Los libros del Registro Mercantil por otros sistemas más modernos por otros sistemas más modernos. * Added the final paragraph by Article 5 of Decree Number 62-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 334. Obligados al Registro. Registration in the jurisdictional Mercantile Registry is mandatory: 1º. Of the individual merchants who have a capital of two thousand quetzals or more. 2º. De todas las sociedades mercantiles. 3º. De empresas y establishmentes mercantiles comprendidos dentro de estos extremos. 4º. De los hechos y relaciones jurídicas que especifiquen las leyes. 5º. De los auxiliares de comercio. The registration of individual tradesmen, auxiliaries of commerce and of the companies and mercantile establishments must be requested within one month of having been constituted as tales or of having opened the company or the establishment. El de las sociedades, dentro del mes siguiente al otorgamiento de la escritura de constitución. Este same plazo rige para los demás facts y relaciones jurídicas. ARTICULO 335. Individual merchant. The registration of the individual trader will be done by means of a sworn statement of the interested party, consigned in a form with an authenticated firm, which will include: 1º. Complete names and surnames, age, civil status, nationality, domicile and address. 2º. Actividad a que se dedique. 3º. Régimen económico de su matrimonio, si fuere casado o unido de hecho. 4º. Nombre de su empresa y sus establishments y sus direcciónes. 5º. Fecha en que haya gave principio su actividad mercantil. The registrar will reason the cédula de vecindad del interesado. ARTICULO 336. Empresa o establismo. The registration of the company or mercantile establishment will be done in the form provided in the previous article, which will include: 1º. Name of company or establishment. 2º. Nombre del propietario y número de su registro como merchante. 3º. Address of the company or establishment. 4º. Object. Machine Translated by Google 5º. Names of the administrators or factors. ARTICULO 337. Sociedades Mercantiles. The registration of the mercantile societies will be based on the respective testimony, which will include: 1º. Form of organization. 2º. Denominación o razón social y nombre comercial si lo hubiere. 3º. Domicilio y el de sus sucursales. 4º. Object. 5º. Plazo de duración. 6º. Capital social. 7º. Notario autorizante de la escritura de constitución, place and date. 8º. Organos de administración, facultades de los administrativos. 9º. Organos de vigilance si los tuviere. Siempre que se treate de sociedades cuyo objeto requiera concesión o licencia estatal, será indispensable adjuntar el acuerdo gubernativo o la authorization correspondente y el termo de inscripción principriará contar a partir de la fecha del acuerdo o authorization. ARTICULO 338. Other inscriptions.* Apart from the facts and legal relationships that specify the laws, it is mandatory to register the following: 1. The appointment of administrators of societies, of factors and the granting of mandates by any merchant, for operations of his company. 2. The revocation or the limitation of the designations and mandates referred to in the previous literal. 3. The creation, acquisition, enajenación, o gravamen de empresa o establismos mercantiles. 4. The matrimonial capitulations of the individual merchants and their modifications, as well as the inventory of the goods that pertenezcan a las persons subject to their patria potestad o tutela. 5. The modifications of the constitutive writing of the mercantile societies, the extension of its term and the dissolution or liquidation. 6. The constitution, modification and extinction of real rights on the company or its establishments. 7. Any change that occurs in the data of the initial registration and any change that affects them. Machine Translated by Google 8. The issuances of shares and other securities that entail obligations for commercial societies, expressing their series, value and amount of the emission, their interests, premiums and amortizations and all the circumstances that guarantee the rights of the borrowers. The operations to which this literal refers will be inscribed exclusively in the Mercantile Registry. 9. Los Agentes, Distribuidores y Representantes. Los asuntos a que se referen las literales anteriores se anotarán en todas las inscriptions afectaciones por el acto de que se se anotarán. *Reformed por el Artículo 18, del Decreto Del Congreso Número 11-2006 el 30-05-2006 ARTICULO 339. Efectos. The acts and documents that conform to the law must be registered, they will only be effective against third parties from the date of their registration in the Mercantile Registry. No inscription can be made altering the order of presentation. ARTICULO 340. Pueden solicitar la inscripción. Interested parties, Civil Judges, Notaries who authorize acts subject to registration and any person interested in securing a right or authenticating a fact susceptible to registration will be able to request registration. ARTICLE 341. * Inscripción Provisional. Requested for the registration of a company or any modification to its corporate escritura, the Registrar with a view to the respective testimony, if the escripción llena los requisites legales y no contiene dispositions contrary to the law, will make the provisional registration y putnrá la conocimiento del public por medio de un aviso por cuenta del interesado publicado en el diario oficial. This notice will contain a summary of the details of the registration enumerated in article 337 of this Code or of the modification in question and the date on which the provisional registration was made. Si se tratare de sociedades colectivas o de responsabilidad limitada, es forzoso publicar el nombre de todos los partners. After sixty days (60), from the date of provisional registration without the publication of the edict, the Registrar will order the cancellation of the provisional registration. * Reformed by Article 6 of Decree Number 62-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 342. * Denegatoria de Inscripción. The registrar will deny the registration, en forma razonada, if from the examination of the writing and from the registration information it appears that: a) En su otorgamiento no se observaron los requisites legales o sus stipulaciones contravienen la ley. Machine Translated by Google b) La razón social o la denominación es identicala a otra inscrita, o no es claramente distinguishable de cualquier otra. In any case, before denying the registration, the Registrar, in reasonable form, will give the applicant a cinco días plazo to remedy any deficiency. Contra lo resuelto en caso de negatoria contemplated in this article, se estará a lo dispositivo en el article 350 para los efectos de impugación. * Reformed by Article 7 of Decree Number 62-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 343. * Inscripción Definitive. Eight working days after the date of publication, if there is no objection from the interested party or from the Public Ministry, or there is no objection from those enumerated in the previous article, the Registrar will make the definitive registration, whose effects will be retroactive to the date of registration provisional, and devolverá razonado el testimonio respectiveo. * Reformed by Article 8 of Decree Number 62-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICULO 344. Patentes. El registrar will issue without cost alguno the trade patent to any company, trade individual, auxiliar de comercio, empresa or establishment que haya sido duly inscribed. This patent must be placed in a place visible to any company or establishment. ARTICULO 345. Registration of other acts. The registration of acts distinct from the mere establishment or constitution, will be done by filling out the requirements and procedures established for the initial registration, with a view to the documents that are presented? las firmas de los grantantes de documentos privados, must be legalized. ARTICULO 346. Qualification of documents. The qualification of the legality of the documents made by the registrars, will be limited to the effect of denying or admitting the registration and will not prevent or prejudice the judgment that can be followed in the competent courts on the nullity of the same document. ARTICULO 347. Inscripción por orden judicial. The registrar will not judge the legality of the judicial or administrative order that decrees a registration. Si creyere que no debe practicarse, lo hará saber así a la autoridad respective. If, despite this, he insists on the register, he will do the same, inserting the registration of the office in which he had been ordered and the original will be archived. No obstante, el registrar podrá negarse to practica la inscripción cuando el motivo que su juicio debe impedirlo, resulte de los libros de registro. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 348. Reclamos contra calificación. Contra la qualificación del registrar podra reclamarse ante el Juez de Primera Instancia de lo Civil jurisdiccional, ya se treate de actos o de resolucciones. The claims will be processed with the incidental procedure. ARTICULO 349. Preventive annotation. El que reclamare contra la qualificación del registrar, tandera derecho a obtener, a su request, preventive annotation of the document de que se se. If the competent authority orders the registration of the document, its effects will be retroactive to the date of preventive annotation. ARTICLE 350. * Oppositions. Except lo dispositivo en el paragraph siguiente, las oposicións a la inscripción of sociedades mercantiles must be ventilarse, por el Procedimiento de los incidentes, ante un juez de primera instancia del domicilio de la entity contra cuias scripción se la oposición. Oppositions to the registration of mercantile companies related to the company name, company name or commercial name will be resolved by the Mercantile Registrar, based on the records of the Industrial Property Registry or the Mercantile Registry itself that the parties produce demonstrate su derecho Si fuere el caso, he will deny the definitive registration and cancel the provisional registration. Contra lo resuelto por el Registrador Mercantil en este caso, no cabe recurso alguno. The responsibility for those businesses and contracts realized during the validity of the provisional registration is regulated according to article 18. * Reformed by Article 9 of Decree Number 62-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 351. * Documents and Copies. Todo documento que se presente al Registro deba llevar una copia. El registro conservára orderly las copias en los indices correspondentes, ya se físicamente o mediate registros magnéticos, ópticos o cualesquiera otros que estima conveniente. * Reformed by Article 10 of Decree Number 62-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. CHAPTER II Inscripción de Sociedades Mercantiles Extranjeras ARTICLE 352. * Inscripción de Sociedades Extranjeras. Las sociedades extranjeras legally constituidas en el extranjero que deseen establisharse en el país o tener en él sucursales o agencias, must request it to the Registro Mercantil, único encargado de otorgar la authorization respiva. Machine Translated by Google With the request for authorization, the documentation required by article 215 of this Code will be presented. Having filled in the requirements required by article 341 of this Code and made the publication without opposition being presented, the Registrar, after verifying the effectiveness of the capital assigned to its operations and the constitution of the bond, will make the definitive registration, whose effects se retrotraerán a la fecha de la inscripción provisional y extenderá la Patente de Comercio corresponding. * Reformed by Article 11 of Decree Number 62-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 353. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 12 of Decree Number 62-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICULO 354. Sociedades con autorización especial. For the registration of the societies referred to in article 221, it will only be necessary to publish a notice in the Official Journal and in another de los de major circulación, which will contain the same requirements of the notices established in article 341 and the respective request pondrá en conocimiento del Ministerio Público. ARTICLE 355. * Expiration of Authorization. The authorization for any foreign company to act in the country will expire if the company does not initiate its operations within a year from the date of provisional registration. * Reformed by Article 13 of Decree Number 62-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. CHAPTER III Penalties for registration failure ARTICULO 356. Sanción pecuniaria. Without prejudice to the other sanctions that establish this Code, the lack of registration and the breach of any of the obligations that establish the same for merchants, will be sanctioned with a fine of twenty-five to a thousand Quetzales, which will be imposed by the registrar. ARTICULO 357. Prohibition of registration in trade unions. No Chamber or Association of Trade Unions will be able to register a merchant, but they will not accredit their registration in the Mercantile Registry. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 358. Derechos de la inscripción. Sólo los commerciales inscritos podrán despências sindicaturas de quiebras y acogerse al beneficio de suspension de pagos. CHAPTER IV General Provisions ARTICULO 359. Certifications. Los registradores will issue the certifications that are requested, judicially or extrajudicially por escrito, acerca de lo que conste en el Registro. Dichas certificaciones se extenderán sin citación alguna. ARTICULO 360. Disposiciones supletorias. Son aplicables al Registro Mercantil, en lo conducente, las dispositions del Código Civil en lo relativo al Registro de la Propiedad. TITLE II De La Protección a la Libre Competencia ARTICULO 361. Prohibition of Monopolies. Todas las empresas, tienen la obligación de contratar con cualquiera que solicitate los products o servicios que prestan, observando igualdad de trato entre las diversas categorias de consumptives. ARTICULO 362. Competencia dishonest. Todo acto o hecho contrario a la buena fe comercial o al normal y honrado desenvolvimiento de las actividades mercantiles, se considerará de competencia desleal y, por lo tanto, unjusto y prohibido. ARTICULO 363. Actos desleales. Se declaran de compencia desleal, entre otros los siguientes actos: 1º. Engañar o confundir al público en general or personas determinadas, mediate: a) The bribery of the client's employees to confuse him about the services or products supplied. b) The use of false indications about the origin or quality of products or services, or the false mention of honors, prizes or distinctions obtained by the same. c) The employment of the usual means of identification to attribute genuine appearance to spurious products or the realization of any falsification, adulteration or imitation that persecutes the same effect. Machine Translated by Google d) The propagation of false news, which are capable of influencing the purpose of the buyer, about the causes that the seller has to offer special conditions, such as announcing sales coming from liquidations, bankruptcies or contests, without existing reality esas situations. Las merchandise compradas en una quiebra, concurso o liquidación, sólo potran ser revendidas con anuncio de aquella circunstancia. They can only be announced as liquidation sales, those that result from the conclusion of the company, the closing of an establishment or branch or the termination of activities in one of the branches of the business in question. 2º. Perjudicar directamente a otro merchante, sin infringir deberes deberes para con el mismo, mediate: a) Improper use or imitation of nombres commerciales, emblems, samples, notices, brands, patents or other elements of a company or its establishments? b) Propagation of news capable of discrediting the products or services of another company? c) Bribery of the employees of another merchant to cause perjuicios? d) Obstaculización del acceso de la clientela to the establishment of another merchant. e) Direct and public comparison of the quality and prices of the merchandise or own services, with those of other merchants designated nominatively or in a form that makes the identity known. 3º. Prejudice directly a otro merchante con infracción de contratos, como sucede: a) Al utilizar el nombre o los servicios de quien se ha obligado a no dedicarse, por cierto tiempo, a una actividad o empresina determinada, si el contratto fue dutifully inscribed en el Registro Mercantil, corresponding to the place or region in which it must be issued sus efectos? b) Al aprovechar los servicios de quien ha roto su contrato de trabajo a directa invitación del comercialte que le dé nuevo empleo. 4º. Realizar cualesquiera otros actos similares, encaminados directa o indirectlyamente a deviar la clientela de otro merchante. ARTICULO 364. Acción de compencia desleal. The action of unfair competition can be carried out in the ordinary way, by any person prejudiced by the relevant trade union association or the Public Ministry. ARTICULO 365. Effects of unfair competition. The resolution that declares the existence of acts of unfair competition, dispondrá la suspension de dichos actos, las medidas necesarias para impedir sus consecuencias y para evitar su repetition y el resarcimiento de daños y perjuicios cuando sea procedente. If it is determined that the acts of unfair competition were realized by will or fault of the offender, the Tribunal may dispose of the publication of the sentence for that person. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 366. Competencia desleal dolosa. It is presumed dolosa, sin admitter prueba en contrario, the repetition of the same acts of unfair competition, después de la sentencia firme que ordene su suspension. ARTICULO 367. Providencias cautelares. Entablada la action de competencia desleal, el juez podrá disponer las providencias cautelares que juzgue opportune para proteger adequately los derechos del public consumidor y de los competitidores, siempre que el actor orgue la bida garantia. Dichas providencias pueden consistir en la preventive seizure of the infringing merchandise, the suspension of the acts that have given place to the action or the return of the things to the state that they guarded before the realization of the acts of unfair competition. TITLE III DE LA CONTABILIDAD Y CORRESPONDENCIA MERCANTILES CHAPTER I CONTABILIDAD ARTICLE 368. * Contabilidad y registros indispensables. The merchants are obliged to carry out their accounting in an organized manner, in accordance with the system of partida doble and using principles of accounting generally accepted. Para ese efecto morden llevar, los siguientes libros o registros: 1.- Inventarios; 2.- De primera entrada o diario? 3.- Mayor or centralizer? 4.- De Estados Financieros. Además podran utilizar los otros que estimen necesarios por exigencias countables o administrativos o en virtud de otras leyes especiales. They will also be able to carry out accounting by mechanized procedures, in loose leaves, fichas or by any other system, as long as it allows its analysis and fiscalization. Los merchants que tengan un activeo total que no exceda de twentycinco mil quetzales (Q. 25,000.00), pueden omitir en su contabilidad los libros o registros enumerados anteriore, a excepción de aquellos que obliguen las leyes especiales. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 40-99 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICULO 369. Idioma Español y Moneda Nacional. Los libros y registros deben operarse en español y las cuentas en moneda nacional. Las branches and agencies of companies whose headquarters are abroad, pueden llevar un duplicato en el idioma y moneda que deseen, con una columna que incluya la conversión a moneda nacional, previo aviso al registrar mercantil. ARTICULO 370. Sanctions. Machine Translated by Google The infraction to the provisions of the previous article, the same as the one determined in article 368 of this Code, will incur a fine of no less than one hundred quetzals, no greater than one thousand, in each case. El Registro Mercantil will impose the previous fines and must demand fulfillment of this article, pudiendo compeler judicialmente a la translation, conversion y corrección en su caso, at the costa del infringer. ARTICLE 371. * Forma de operar. The merchants will operate their accounting by themselves or by a distinct person designated expressly or tacitly, in the place where the company has its domicile or where the taxpayer has its fiscal domicile, unless the mercantile registrar authorizes it to be carried in a different place inside the país. Sin embargo, aquellos commerciales individuales cuyo total activo exceda de veinte mil quetzales (Q. 20,000.00), y toda sociedad mercantil, están obligados a llevar su contabilidad por medio de Contadores. The books required by the tax laws must be kept in the taxpayer's fiscal domicile or in the taxpayer's accountant's office that is duly registered in the General Directorate of Internal Revenue. * Reformed by Article 49 of Decree Number 58-96 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICULO 372. Authorization of books or records. The books of inventories and of the first entry of the diary, the mayor of the centralizer and the financial estados must be authorized by the Mercantile Registry. ARTICULO 373. Operations, Errors and Omissions. Los mercantiles deben llevar su contabilidad con veracidad y claridad, en orden chronológico, sin espacios en blanco, interpolaciones, raspaduras, ni chachaduras. Los libros must not present signs of having been altered, substituyendo or arrancando folios or any other way. Los errors or omissions en que se incurriere al operar en los libros o registros, se salvarán immediatente después de advertidos, explicaando con claridad en qué consisten y extendiendo o completando el concepto, tal como debiera haberse escrito. ARTICULO 374. Balance General and Estado de Pérdidas y Ganancias. The merchant must establish, tanto al iniciar sus operaciones como por lo least once a year, the financial situation of his company, through the general balance sheet and the state of losses and gains that must be signed by the merchant and the accountant. ARTICULO 375. Prohibición de llevar más de una Contabilidad. It is prohibited to keep more than one account for the same company. The infraction of this prohibition is the cause of the fact that none of the accounts are audited, without prejudice to other responsibilities. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 376. Conservación de Libros o Registros. The merchants, their heirs or successors, will keep the books or records of the business in general of their company por todo el tiempo que ésta dure y hasta la liquidación de todos sus negociios y dependencias mercantiles. ARTICULO 377. Estados Financieros. El libro o registros de estados financiers, will contain: 1º. El balance general de apertura y los ordinarios y extraordinarios que por cualquier circunstancia se practiquen. 2º. Los estados de pérdidas y ganancias o los que hagan sus veces, corresponding to the balance general de que se treate. 3º. Cualquier otro estado que a juicio del mercantile sea necesario para showar su situación financiera. ARTICULO 378. Registros Auxiliares. The merchant will be able to carry the books or auxiliary records that he deems necessary. ARTICULO 379. Exhibition of the financial situation. The balance sheet must express truthfully and in a reasonable manner, the merchant's financial situation and the results of its operations up to the date of the transaction. ARTICULO 380. Publication of Balances. All mercantile companies and foreign companies authorized to operate in the Republic must publish their balance sheet in the Official Journal at the end of each accounting year, filling in the requirements set forth in other laws. ARTICULO 381. Comprobación de Operaciones. Toda operación contable must be duly verified with valid documents that meet the legal requirements and only the lack of verification will be admitted in the parties relative to mere adjustments, transfer of balances, passes from one book to another or rectifications. CHAPTER II CORRESPONDENCE AND DOCUMENTATION Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 382. Documentation and Correspondence. Todo comercialte debe conservar, en forma ordernada y organizada, durante no menos de cinco años, los documentos de su empresa, salvo lo que dispongan otras leyes especiales. ARTICULO 383. Termino para Destruir Documentación. Los documents que ciernan especially a actos o negociaciones determinadas, potran ser unutilizados o destruidos, pasado el tiempo de prescription de las actions que de ellos se deriven. Si hubiere pendiente alguna questión que se refiera a ellos directa o indirectamente, must be conserverse hasta la terminación de la misma. ARTICULO 384. Archivo y Custodia de Valores. The system of archiving and custody of values, correspondence and other documents of the transaction of his company is at the discretion of the merchant. BOOK III DE LAS COSAS MERCANTILES TITULO PRIMERO DE LOS TITULOS DE CREDITO CHAPTER I GENERAL DISPOSITIONS ARTICULO 385. Títulos de Crédito. Son título de crédito los documentos que incorporate un derecho literal y autónomo, cuyo exercise o transferencia es imposible regardless of the title. Los títulos de crédito have the quality of real estate. ARTICULO 386. Requirements. They will only produce the effects provided for in this Code, the credit titles that fulfill the specific requirements of each title in particular and the following general ones 1º. El nombre del título de que se treate. 2º. The date and place of creation. 3º. Los derechos que el título incorporates. 4º. El lugar y la fecha de cumplimento o exercicio de tales derechos. 5º. La firma de quen lo crea. En serial titles, signatures can be stamped by any controlled system and must bear at least one autographed signature. Machine Translated by Google Si no se mencioare el lugar de creación, se tierra como tal el del domicilio del creador. Si no se mencioare el lugar de cumplimento o ejercicio de los derechos que el title consigna, se tierra como tal el del domicile del creator del title. Si el creator tuviere varios domicilios, el tenedor podrá elegir entre ellos? igual derecho de elección will hold, if the title indicates several places of fulfillment. The inexcusable omission of mentions or requisites essentials that must contain all credit titles do not affect the business or legal act that originates the issuance of the document. ARTICULO 387. Facultad de llenar requisites. Si se omitieren algunos requisites o menciones en un título de crédito, cualquier tenedor legitimate podrá llenarlo antes presentarlo para su acceptance o para su cobro. Las exceptions derived from the non-fulfillment of what was agreed upon to fill it, no porganse oponerse al adquirente de buena fe. ARTICULO 388. Diferencias en lo escrito. The credit title that has its import written in letters and figures, will, in case of difference, be for the sum written in letters. If the quantity was expressed several times in letters or in figures, the document will be valid, in case of difference, for the lesser sum. ARTICULO 389. Exhibition of Title of Credit. The holder of a credit title, to exercise the right that is consigned to him, has the obligation to exhibit it and deliver it at the moment of being paid. If it was only partially paid, or in the accessory, you must mention the payment in the title and give, separately, the corresponding receipt. ARTICULO 390. Efectos de la Transmisión. La transmission de un título de crédito comprende el derecho principal que en él se consigna y las garantías y derechos accesorios. ARTICULO 391. Reivindicación o gravamen. The claim, encumbrance or any other affect on the right consigned to the credit title or on the merchandise represented by it will not have any effect, unless it is carried out on the title itself. ARTICULO 392. Ley de circulación. The holder of a credit card will not be able to change its form of circulation without the consent of the issuer, unless otherwise provided by law. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 393. Obligations of the signatory. The signatory of a deed title is bound even though the title has entered circulation against its will. If the death or incapacity of the signatory de un título sobreviene, the obligation subsistes. ARTICULO 394. Anomalías que no invalidan. The inability of any of the signatories of a credit title, the fact that fake firms or imaginary persons appear in it, or the circumstance that, for any reason, the title does not oblige any of the signatories, or the persons que aparezcan como tales, no invalidan las obligations de las demás personas que lo subscriban. ARTICULO 395. Alteración del Texto. In case of alteration of the text of a credit title, the signatories after it are bound according to the terms of the altered text, and the signatories before them, according to the terms of the original text. Cuando no se puede comprador si una firma ha sido puesta antes o después de la alteration, se presume que lo fue antes. ARTICULO 396. Convenio del Plazo. Cuando alguno de los actos que deba realizariomente el tenedor de un título crédito, debe efecturase dentro de un plazo del que fuere habil el ultimo día, el termo se entenderá prorrogado hasta el primer día habil siguiente. Los días inhábiles intermedios se contarán para el cómputo del plazo. Neither in legal terms nor in conventional terms, will the day that serves as a starting point be understood. ARTICULO 397. Impossibility of firming. Por quien no sepa or no pueda signar, podra subscribir los títulos crédito a su rego, otra persona, whose signature will be authenticated by a notary or by the secretary of the municipality of the place. ARTICULO 398. Solidaridad de los signatorios. Todos los signatories de un mismo acto de un título de crédito, se obligarán solidariamente. El pago del título por uno de los signatarios solidarios, no conferen a quien paga, respecto de los demás que signaron en el miso acto, sino los derechos y las acciones que competen al deudor solidario contra los demás coobligados? pero deja expeditas las acciones cambiarias que puedan corresponder contra los obligados. ARTICULO 399. Protest. The timely presentation of a credit title and the negative acceptance or payment will be confirmed through the protest. Salvo disposibilidad legal expresa, ningún otro acto podrá suplir al protesto. The creator of the title will be able to dispense with the protest fork, if he inscribes in himself the clause: sin protesto, sin gastos, u otra equivalente. This clause will not dispensará al tenedor de la obligation de Machine Translated by Google presentar el título ni en su caso, de dar aviso de la falta de pago a los obligados en la vía de regreso? pero la prueba de la falta de presentación opportune estará chargeo de quien la voque en contra del tenedor. If despite this clause the fork raises the protest, the expenses will be borne by you. ARTICULO 400. Aval. Through the guarantor, the payment of debt securities that contain an obligation to pay money can be guaranteed in whole or in part. Podrá prestar el aval cualquiera de los signatarios de un título de crédito or quien haya intervenido en él. ARTICULO 401. Constancia del Aval. The guarantor must be included in the credit title itself or in a document that is adhered to. Se expressará con la formula, por aval, u otra equivalente, y deba llevar la firma de quien lo preste. La sola firma puesta en el título, cuando no se pueda attributir otro significado, se tierra por aval. ARTICULO 402. Suma avalada. If the amount is not indicated in the guarantee, it is understood that the total amount of the credit is guaranteed. ARTICULO 403. Obligación del avalista. The guarantor will be obliged to pay the credit title up to the amount of the guarantor, and his obligation will be valid even if the guarantor is null for any reason. ARTICULO 404. Persona avalada. En el aval se debe indicar la persona por quien se presta. A falta de indicación, se entenderán guaranteed the obligations of the signatory that releases a greater number of obligees. ARTICULO 405. Acción Cambiaria. The guarantor who pays, acquires the rights derived from the title of credit against the person guaranteed and against those who are responsible with respect to this last one by virtue of the title. ARTICULO 406. Representado aparente. El que por cualquier concepto subscriba un título de crédito en nombre de otro, sin facultades legales para hacerlo, se obliga personally como si hubiera actuado en nombre propio. Machine Translated by Google La ratificación expresa o tácita de los actos a que se referé el paragraph anterior, por quien puede legallye autorizarlos, transfiere al representedaento aparente, desde la fecha del acto que se ratifica, las obligacións que de él nazcan. Es tacita la ratificación que resulte de actos que necessarily implicante la acceptance del acto mismo o de cualquiera de sus consecuencias. The express ratification can be done in the same credit title or in a different document. ARTICULO 407. Special provisions. The rights and obligations derived from the acts or contracts that have given place to the creation or transmission of the title of credit shall be governed by the dispositions of this Code, when they are not exercised or fulfilled separately from the title. ARTICULO 408. Relación Causal. The emission or transmission of a credit title will not produce, except for an express agreement, extinction of the relationship que dio lugar a tal emission or transmission. The causal action will be able to be exercised by restoring the title to the defendant, and will not proceed unless the actor has performed the necessary acts so that the defendant can exercise the actions that correspond to the title. ARTICULO 409. Acción de enriquecimiento indebido. Extinguida la acción cambiaria contra el creedor, el tenedor del título que lacka de acción causal against éste, y de acción cambiaria or causal contra los demás signatarios, puede exigir al creador la suma con que se haya riquecido en su daño. This action prescribes in a year, counted from the day in which the action cambiaria was extinguished. ARTICULO 410. Salvo buen cobro. Credit titles given in payment are presumed to have been received under the condition: salvo buen cobro, cualquiera que sea el motivo de la entrega. ARTICULO 411. Títulos representativos de merchandiserías. The representative merchandise titles attribute to their legitimate holder the right to the delivery of the merchandise specified in them, their possession and the power to dispose of the same through the transfer of the title. The vindication of the merchandise represented by the titles to which this article refers can only be made through the vindication of the title itself, conforme to the norms applicable to the effect. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 412. Boletos, fichas y otros documentos. Las dispositions de este Libro III no se aplicarán a los boletos, fichas, contraseñas, ticketes de terería y otros documentos que no estén destinamentos a circular y que servan exclusivo para identificar quien tiene derecho para exigent la presenta correspondente. ARTICULO 413. Billetes de Banco y otros títulos. Public debt securities, bank notes and other equivalent securities are not governed by this Code, but by their special laws. ARTICULO 414. Propietario del Título. The owner of the title will be considered a quien lo posea conforme a su forma de circulación. CHAPTER II DE LOS TITULOS NOMINATIVOS ARTICULO 415. Títulos Nominativos. Are nominative titles created in favor of a determined person whose name is consigned, both in the document's own text and in the creator's register? son transmisibles mediate endoso e inscripción en el Registro. No act or operation referring to this class of titles will have effects against the creator or against third parties, if it is not registered in the title and in the Registry. ARTICULO 416. Registro. The endorser will authorize the endorser to request the transfer register. The creator of the title can demand that the endorsing firm be legalized by a notary. ARTICULO 417. Inscripción de la transmission. Except for just cause, the creator of the title will not be able to deny the registration in his register, of the transmission of the document. CHAPTER III DE LOS TITULOS A LA ORDEN ARTICULO 418. Títulos a la Orden. Titles created in favor of a determined person will be presumed to be in order and transmitted through endorsement and delivery of the title. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 419. Cláusulas no a la orden. Cualquier tenedor de un título a la orden puede impedir su ulterior endoso via expresa clause, que surtirá el efecto de que, partir de su fecha, el título sólo pueda transmitirse con los efectos de una seision ordinaria. ARTICULO 420. Transmisión no por endoso. The transmission of a title to the order by a different medium of endorsement, subroga to the acquirer in all rights that the title confers? pero lo sujeta a todas las excepciones que se habría podido oponer a los tenedores anteriores. ARTICULO 421. Requisitos del endoso. The endorsement must be contained in the title itself or in a document attached to it, and will fill in the following requirements: 1º. The number of the endorser. 2º. The endorsing class. 3º. The place and the date. 4º. The signature of the endorser or the person who signed the petition or in his name. ARTICULO 422. Omission of requirements. If in the cases mentioned in the previous article, the first requirement is omitted, article 387 of this Code will apply and if the endorsement class is omitted, it will be presumed that the title was transferred en property? si se se omitiere la expresión del lugar, se presumirá que el endoso se hizo en el domicilio del endorsante? and the omission of the date will presume that the endorsement was made on the day that the endorser acquired the title. La falta de firma will cause the endorsement to be considered non-existent. ARTICULO 423. Incondicionalidad del endoso. El endoso debe ser puro y simple. Toda condición se tierra por no puesta. El endoso parcial será nulo. ARTICULO 424. Endoso en blanco. The endorsement can be made blank, with only the endorser's signature. In this case, any holder will be able to fill out the endorsement in blank with their name or that of a third party, or transmit the title without filling out the endorsement. Endoso al portador will produce efectos de endoso en blanco. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 425. Clases de endoso. The endorsement can be made in property, procurement or guarantee. ARTICULO 426. Obligaciones del endosante. The endorser will contract an autonomous obligation, frente a todos los tenedores posteriores a él, pero podrá liberarse de su obligation cambiaria, mediate la clause, sin mi responsabilidad, u otra equivalente, aggregated al endoso. ARTICULO 427. Endoso en procuración. El endoso en procuración se otorgará con las clázuos: en procuración, por poder, al cobro, u otra equivalente. Este endoso, conferirá al endosatario las facultades de un mandatorio con represención para collectar el título judicial o extrajudicialmente, y para dossarlo en procuración. The mandate that confers this endorsement, does not end with the death or incapacity of the endorser, and its revocation will not produce effects in front of a third party, sino desde el momento en que se anote su cancellation en el título or se tenga por revocado judicialmente. ARTICULO 428. Endoso en garantía. The endoso en garantía se otorgará con las clauses: en garantía, en prenda, u otra equivalente. Constituirá un derecho prendario sobre el título y conferirá al endosatario, además de sus derechos de creedario prendario, las facultades que conferere el endoso en procuración. The title lien does not require registration in the Registro de la Propiedad. No podranse oponerse al endosatario en garantie, las excepciones que se hubieran podido oponer a tenedores anteriores. ARTICULO 429. Endoso posterior al vencimiento. The effects of a posterior endorsement at the expiration date are the same as those of an anterior endorsement. Sin embargo, the endorsement posterior to a protest for falta de pago or made after the expiry of the fixed term to effect it, does not produce more than the effects of an ordinary transfer. ARTICULO 430. Legitimation. Para que el tenedor de un título a la orden pueda legitimarse, the chain of endorsements must be unbroken. ARTICULO 431. Pago. Machine Translated by Google The person who pays is not obliged to verify the authenticity of the endorsements, nor does he have the faculty to demand that it be verified? but must verify the identity of the person who presents the title as the last holder, and the continuity of the endorsements. ARTICULO 432. Títulos para abono en cuenta. Los bancos que reciban título para abono en cuenta del tenedor que los deliverego, podran cobrar dichos títulos even cuando no estén dosados in su favor. Los bancos, en estos casos, must annotar en el título, la calidad con que actuán y signar por recibo en el propio título o en hoja adherida. ARTICULO 433. Endosos entre bancos. Endorsements between Banks will be able to be done with the seal that for the effect use the endorser. ARTICULO 434. Forms of transmission. The credit titles will be transmitted to some of the obligees, by receipt of the import of the title extended in the same document or in a sheet attached to it. La transmission por recibo will produce efectos de endoso sin responsabilidad. ARTICULO 435. Endosos canceledados. Endorsements and receipt annotations in a credit title that are tested or canceled legitimately have no validity. El tenedor de un título de crédito puede testar los indorsos y recibos posteriores a la acquisition, pero no los anteriores a ella. CHAPTER IV DE LOS TITULOS AL PORTADOR ARTICULO 436. Títulos al portador. Son títulos al portador los que no están emímitos a favor de persona determinada, aunque no contengan la clause: al portator, y se transmiten por la simple tradición. ARTICULO 437. Legitimation. The simple presentation of the title of legitimate credit to the bearer. ARTICULO 438. Obligación de pagar suma en dinero. The title of credit that contains the obligation to pay a sum of money, no puede ser issued a portador, sino en los casos expressamente permitidos por la law. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 439. Creación defectuosa. Titles created in contravention of the provisions of the previous article will not produce effects as credit titles. ARTICULO 440. Sanction. Anyone who infringes the provisions of article 438, will be obliged to restitution of the value of the title to its holder and the courts will impose a fine equal to the amount of the titles issued irregularly. CHAPTER V DE LA LETRA DE CAMBIO Sección Primera Of the creation and form of the Letra de Cambio ARTICULO 441. Requirements. In addition to the provisions of article 386 of this Code, the exchange letter must contain: 1º. La orden unconditional de pagar una suma determinada de dinero. 2º. El nombre del girado. 3º. The form of expiration. ARTICULO 442. Interests. En una letra de cambio pagadera a la vista oa varios días vista, el librador puede hacer constar que la quantity librada producirá interestes. En cualquier otra letra de cambio esta stipulación se reputará como no puesta. In the letter of exchange, the type of interest must be indicated. En caso de que esto falte, se entenderá que es del seis per ciento (6%). Los intereses corren desde la fecha de la letra de cambio, a no ser que en la misma se haga constar otra fecha. ARTICULO 443. Formas de vencimiento. La letra de cambio puede ser librada: 1º. A la vista. Machine Translated by Google 2º. A cierto tiempo vista. 3º. A cierto tiempo fecha. 4º. A día fijo The bill of exchange with other forms of maturity or whose maturity is not indicated will be considered payable at sight. ARTICULO 444. Vencimiento a meses vista or fecha. Si una letra de cambio se libra a uno or varios meses fecha o vista, vencerá el day corresponding to its granting or presentation, del month in which the payment must be made. If this month does not have a date corresponding to the date or presentation, the letter will expire on the last day of the month. ARTICULO 445. Vencimiento a principios, midi o fines. Si se señalare el vencimiento para principio, midido o fines de mes, se entenderá por estos terminos los primero, quince y ultimo del mes correspondinge. ARTICULO 446. Vencimiento en días. Las expresiones de ocho días, una semana, quince días, dos semanas, una quincena, o medio mes, se entenderán, no como una o dos semanas teras, sino como plazos de ocho o de quince días efectivos, respectively. ARTICULO 447. Forma de Librarse. La letra de cambio puede librarse a la orden oa chargeo de un tercero or del same librador. In this last case, the librador will be obliged as an acceptor, and if the letter was librada at a certain time, its presentation will only have the effect of setting the date of its expiry. With respect to the date of presentation, the provisions of article 452 of this Code will be observed, if applicable. The presentation will be verified by annotation signed by the librarian, or in its default, by protest. ARTICULO 448. Letra de cambio domiciliada. El librador puede señalar como lugar para el pago de la letra de cambio cualquier domicilio determinido. El domiciliario que pague, se entenderá que lo hace por cuenta del principal obligado. ARTICULO 449. Responsabilidad del librador. The librador will be responsible for the acceptance and payment of the bill of exchange. Any clause that exempts you from this responsibility shall be in writing. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 450. Letra de cambio documentada. La insertion de las clázuos: documentos contra aceptación o documentos contra pago, o de las indicaciones: D/ a. o D/p. en el texto de una letra de cambio a la que se compañen documentos, obligará al tenedor de la letra cambio a no deliverar los documentos sino mediate la acceptance o el pago de la letra cambio. Sección Segunda Of the acceptance ARTICULO 451. Aceptación obligatoria. Las letters de cambio pagaderas a cierto tiempo vista must be presented for su acceptance dentro del año que siga su fecha. Any obligee will be able to reduce this period if he consigns it as such in the exchange letter. In the same way, the librarian can also extend the term and even prohibit the presentation of the bill of exchange before a determined time. ARTICULO 452. Acceptance potestativa. Is the presentation of bills of exchange issued on a fixed date or at a certain date on your date será potestativa? but the librarian, if so indicated by the document, can convert it into mandatory and set a deadline for it to be carried out. El librador puede, asimismo, prohibit the presentation antes de una epoca determinada, si lo consigna así en la letra de cambio. When the presentation of the exchange letter is possible, the holder may do so no later than the last business day prior to expiration. ARTICULO 453. Place of presentation. The bill of exchange must be presented for acceptance in the place and address designated in it. In the absence of indication of place, the presentation will be made in the establishment or in the residence of the librado. Si se señalaren varios lugares the fork can choose any one of them. ARTICULO 454. Lugar distinto de pago. If the librarian indicates a place of payment distinct from the domicile of the librarian, when accepting, he must indicate the number of the person who will make the payment. If no lo indicare, it will be understood that the acceptant himself will be obliged to make the payment in the designated place. ARTICULO 455. Dirección distinta. If the bill of exchange is payable at the bookmaker's home, you may, upon accepting it, indicate an address within the same plaza so that the bill of exchange is presented to him for payment, unless the bookmaker has expressly indicated a different address . Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 456. Form of acceptance. La aceptación se hárá constar en la letra de cambio misma, por medio de la palabra: acepto, u otra equivalente, y la firma del librado. La sola firma del librado, será bastante para que la letra de cambio se tenga por aceptada. ARTICULO 457. Provision of Funds. The acceptance does not assume respect of the librarian, the provision of funds and the acceptant will be able to require the delivery of items even after accepting the exchange letter. ARTICULO 458. Date of acceptance. Si la letra es pagadera a cierto plazo vista o cuando deba ser presenta, en virtud de indicación especial, dentro de un plazo determinado, the acceptant must indicate the date on which he accepted, and if he omits it, he can consignarla to the holder. ARTICULO 459. Acceptance must be unconditional. The acceptance must be unconditional, but it can be limited to the minimum amount expressed in the exchange letter. Any other modality introduced by the acceptor will be equivalent to a negative acceptance, but the librarian will be bound by the terms of the statement signed. ARTICULO 460. Aceptación tachada. Se considerada rehusada la acceptance que el librado tache, antes de devolver la letra de cambio al tenedor. ARTICULO 461. Efectos. La aceptamento makes al aceptante en principal obligado. Will the acceptor be obliged to exchange money even with the librarian? y carecerá de acción cambiaria contra éste y contra los demás signatorios de la letra de cambio. ARTICULO 462. Inalterability. The obligation of the acceptor will not be altered by bankruptcy, interdiction or death of the librarian, even in the case of what has happened before the acceptance. Machine Translated by Google Sección Tercera Del Pago ARTICULO 463. Presentación al pago. The exchange letter must be presented for payment on the day of its expiry or within the following two days. El presentarla a una cámara de compensación is equivalent to presentarla al pago. ARTICULO 464. Letra de cambio a la vista. The presentation for the payment of the exchange letter must be made within the year following the date of the letter. Cualquiera de los obligados podrá reducir ese plazo, si lo consigna así en la letra de cambio. El librador podra, en la misma forma, ampliarlo y prohibitir la presentation antes de determinada epoca. ARTICULO 465. Pago parcial. El tenedor no puede rechazar un pago parcial? en tal caso conservará la letra en su poder y procederá en la forma previsa en el article 389 de este Código. ARTICULO 466. Pago anticipado. The holder cannot be obliged to receive the payment before the expiry of the exchange letter. ARTICULO 467. Responsabilidad. El librado que paga antes del vencimiento, será responsable de la validity del pago. ARTICULO 468. Payment for deposit. If the bill of exchange expires, it is not presented for collection after three days of expiration, any obligee can deposit the same amount in a bank, at the expense and risk of the holder and without the obligation to give notice to it. This deposit will produce efectos de pago. Sección Cuarta Del Protesto ARTICULO 469. Necessity of protest. The protest will only be necessary when the creator of the letter inserts en su anverso y con characters visible the clause: with protest. La clause: con protesto, inscrita por persona distinta del librador, se tierà por no puesta. Si a pesar de no ser necesario el protesto el tenedor lo levanta, los expenses serán por su cuenta. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 470. Presentation. El hecho de no ser necessario el protesto no dispensará al tenedor de la letra de la obligación de presentarla, ni en su caso, de dar aviso de falta aceptación o de pago a los obligados en vía de regreso? pero la prueba de la falta de presentación opportune estará chargeo de quien la voque en contra del tenedor. ARTICULO 471. Fines del Protesto. En caso de haberse stipulado el protesto por el creador de la lettera, éste no podrá ser suplido por ningún otro acto, salvo contrario legal provision. The protest will prove the presentation of a letter of exchange and the negative acceptance or payment. ARTICULO 472. Efficacia del Protesto. The protest will be practiced with the intervention of the Notary and its omission will result in the expiration of the action of return. The protest will only be effective if it is done in time and complying with the established in this section. ARTICULO 473. Lugar. The protest must be raised in the places indicated for the fulfillment of the obligations or the exercise of the rights consigned to the title. ARTICULO 474. Ausencia. If the person contra quien haya de levantarse el protesto, no se encuentra presente, así lo senantará el Notario que lo pratique? and the diligence will not be suspended. ARTICULO 475. Domicilio Desconocido. Si se desconoce el domicilio de la persona contra la cual deba levantarse el protesto, éste se practicará en el lugar que elija el Notario que authorice. ARTICULO 476. Protesto por falta de Acceptación. The protest for lack of acceptance must be raised within two business days following the presentation, but always before the expiration date. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 477. Protesto por falta de pago. El protesto por falta de pago se levantará dentro de dos días hábiles siguientes al del del cimiento. ARTICULO 478. Protesto innecesario por falta de pago. If the de change letter was protested for falta de acceptance, no será necesario protestarla por falta de pago. ARTICULO 479. Letras de cambio a la vista. Bills of exchange at sight will only be protested for falta de pago. Lo mismo se observará respecte de las letters of cambio whose presentation for la acceptance was potestativa. ARTICULO 480. Requisitos. El protesto se hará constar por razón puesta en el cuerpo de la lettera o en hoja adherida a ella? in addition, el Notario que lo pratique levantara acta en la que se asiente: 1º. The literal reproduction of everything contained in the letter. 2º. El requerimiento al girado o acceptante para acceptar o pagar la letra, con la indicación de si esa persona estuvo o no presente. 3º. Los motivos de la negativity para la acceptance o el pago. 4º. La firma de la persona con quien se entienda la diligence, o la indicación de la impossibidad para firmar o de su negativa. 5º. La expresión del lugar, fecha y hora en que se practice el protesto, y la firma del funcionario autorizante. 6º. The notary will protocolize said acta. ARTICULO 481. Retención de la letra de cambio. The Notary who has raised the protest will retain the letter in his power on the day of diligence and the following. Durante ese lapse, the letter podrá ser aceptado o en su caso cualquiera will have the right to pay the import of the letter plus the accessories, including the expenses of the protest. Quien aceptare después del protesto will cover the costs of the mismo. ARTICULO 482. Notice of protest. The Notary who has raised the protest, or the holder of the title whose acceptance or payment has been refused, must give notice of such circumstance to all the signatories of the title, whose address is in the same, within two working days following the fecha del protesto oa la presentation para la acceptance o el pago. Machine Translated by Google The person who omits the notice will be responsible, hasta una suma igual al importe de la letra de cambio de los daños y perjuicios que se se cause por su negligencia. ARTICULO 483. Presentación por un banco. If the letter is presented through a bank, the annotation of this respect of the negative acceptance or payment will be valid as a protest. Sección Quinta Of the plurality of examples and copies ARTICULO 484. Expedición de exemplares. When the bill of exchange does not contain the unique clause, the tomador will have the right to have the librarian issue one or more identical copies, if he pays all the costs that cause. These copies must contain the indication in their text: primera, segunda y asi sucesivamente, según el orden de su expedición. In the absence of this indication, each copy will be considered as a separate de change letter. Cualquier otro tenedor podrá ejercitar ese mismo derecho, por medio del endorsante immediato, quien a su vez habrá de dirigirse al que le antecede, y así sucesivamente, hasta llegar al librador. The endorsers and avalistas are obliged to reproduce their respective subscriptions in duplicates of the letter of exchange. ARTICULO 485. Pago de un ejemplar. El pago hecho sobre uno de los ejemplares, liberará del pago de todos los otros, pero el librado quedará obligato por cada ejemplar que accepte. The endorser who had endorsed the copies to different persons, as well as the later endorsers, will be bound by their endorsements, as they will be in letters of change. ARTICULO 486. Remesas por aceptación. The person who has sent one of the copies for his acceptance, must mention among others the name and address of the person who holds it in his possession, so that the holder of the other copy can request the delivery of the sent, upon acceptance, y si no obtaine aquella, debe levantar un protesto para accreditar que aquel ejemplar no ha sido entregado, y, en su caso, otro para accreditar que ha podido obtener la acceptance o el pago con el ejemplar que posee. ARTICULO 487. Ejemplar aceptado. When the person who holds the copy sent for acceptance is presented with two or more holders of the other copies, or copies, he will deliver it to the first person who requests it, and if several are presented simultaneously, preference will be given to the holder del ejemplar marcado con el número ordinal más bajo. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 488. Copias. El tenedor de una letra de cambio tiene derecho a hacer copias de la misma. Estas deben reproduce exacta el original, con los endosos y todas las enunciations que tenga, e indicarán where the copy ends. The autograph signatures of the acceptor, the endorsers and the guarantors, made in the copy, bind the signatories as if they were constaren in the original. ARTICULO 489. Constancia en las copias. The person who has remitted the original for his acceptance or who has deposited it, must mention in the copies the name and domicile of the person in whose power the original is found. The lack of this indication does not invalidate the original endorsements on the copies. La persona en cuyo poder se encuentre el original está obligada en entregarlo al tenedor de la copya. El tenedor que, sin el original, quiera ejercitar sus derechos contra los signatarios de la copy, debe probar con el protesto que el original le fue deliveredo su petitioni. CHAPTER VI DEL PAGARE ARTICULO 490. Requirements. In addition to the provisions of article 386 of this Code, the payment must contain: 1º. The unconditional promise to pay a determined sum of money. 2º. El nombre de la persona quien deba hacerse el pago. ARTICULO 491. Interests. En el pagaré podran establadorse interes convencionales. It may also be stipulated that the payment be made through successive amortizations. ARTICULO 492. Obligaciones del creador. The signatory of the promissory note will be considered as the acceptor of a letter of exchange, except for the relation to causal actions and enrichment, in whose cases it will be equated to the librarian. ARTICULO 493. Disposiciones supletorias. Machine Translated by Google Serán aplicables al pagaré en lo conducente, las dispositions relativas a la letra de cambio. CHAPTER VII DEL CHEQUE SECCION PRIMERA DE LA CREACION Y DE LA FORMA DEL CHEQUE ARTICULO 494. Cheque. The check can only be issued against a bank, in printed forms supplied or approved by the person. The title that in the form of checks is released in contravention of this article, will not produce credit title effects. ARTICULO 495. Requirements. In addition to the provisions of article 388 of this Code, the check must contain: 1º. La orden unconditional de pagar una determinada suma de dinero. 2º. El nombre del Banco librado. When this is agreed with the librarian bank, the librarian's signature can be omitted from the check and must be replaced by its printout or reproduction. The legitimacy of the issue can be controlled by any system approved by the Bank. ARTICULO 496. Availability. The librador debe tener fondos disponibles en el Banco librado y haber recibido de éste expresso authorization o tacita para disponer de esos fondos por medio de cheques. No obstante la inobservancia de estas prescriptions, el instrumento es válido como cheque. El que defraudare a otro librando un cheque sin tener fondos o disponiendo de ellos, antes de que expire el plazo para su cobro o alterando cualquier parte del del cheque o usando indebidamente del mismo, será responsable del delito de estafa, conforme al Código Penal. ARTICULO 497. Forma. El check puede ser a la orden o al portador. Si no se expresa el nombre del beneficiario se reputará al portador. ARTICULO 498. Non-negotiable. En los cheques cualquier tenedor podrá limitar su negociabilidad, estampando en el documento la clause: no negociable. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 499. Endorsement of checks not negotiable. Checks are non-negotiable by law, they can only be endorsed, for collection, to a bank. ARTICULO 500. Cheque pagadero al librado. The check created or endorsed in favor of the librado bank will not be negotiable. SECCION SEGUNDA DE LA PRESENTACION Y DEL PAYMENT ARTICULO 501. Vencimiento. The check will always be payable at sight. Cualquier annotation en contrario, se tierà por no puesta. El cheque presentado al pago antes del día indicated como fecha de su creación, o sin fecha, es pagadero el día de la presentation. In these cases the day of the presentation will legally be considered as the date of its creation. ARTICULO 502. Place for presentation. Checks must be presented for payment within fifteen days of their creation. ARTICULO 503. Presentation in compensation chamber. The presentation of a check in the clearinghouse will result in the same effects as it did directly to the librado. ARTICULO 504. Obligación de pago. The bank that authorizes someone to book checks on their behalf, will be obliged with the bookmaker to cover them until the amount of the balance is available, unless there is a legal provision or a judicial order that frees it from such obligation. If the funds available are not sufficient to cover the total amount of the check, the librado must offer the bearer partial payment until the balance is available. ARTICULO 505. Negativa del librado. Cuando sin causa justa se nigue el librador a pagar un cheque, o no haga el ofrecimiento de pago parcial prevenido en el artículo anterior, resarcirá al librador los daños y perjuicios que se le casionen. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 506. Pago parcial. If the holder accepts the partial payment, the librado will deliver a photocopy or other document showing the basic elements of the check and the amount of the payment made. This constancy will replace the title for the effects of the exercise of the corresponding actions against the obligors. ARTICULO 507. Revocation. The revocation of the order contained in the check only takes effect after the legal term for its presentation has passed. La revocation en tal caso no necesita expresar causa. Before the expiry of the legal term for the presentation of the cheque, the bookmaker or the holder can revoke the order of payment alleging as the cause only the loss, the subtraction of the check or the acquisition of it by a third party as a result of an illegal act. If the librador receives an order from the librador or the holder to not pay a check for some of these causes, he will refrain from doing so, without any responsibility and will communicate this circumstance to the person who presents it to the collector. The librador or holder who gives an order of revocation unjustifiably, before the expiry of the term, will be responsible to the legitimate holder for the damages and damages that it causes, without prejudice to the criminal liabilities. ARTICULO 508. Pago extemporáneo. Even when the check has not been presented in time, the librarian must pay it if he has sufficient funds from the librarian and the check is presented within six months of the due date and has not been revoked. ARTICULO 509. Death or incapacity of the librarian. La muerte o incapacidad del librador, no autorizan al librado para dejar de pagar el cheque. ARTICULO 510. Pago parcial. El tenedor can reject the partial payment. ARTICULO 511. Protest. El protesto por falta de pago, debe tener lugar antes de la expiración del plazo fijado para la presentation. The annotation that the librado or the clearing house puts on the check, de haber sido presenteda tiempo y non pagado total or partiali, surtirá los efectos del protesto. ARTICULO 511 Bis* Validez de las copias. Machine Translated by Google In the case of checks issued in favor of individual persons or legal entities resident or domiciled in the Republic of Guatemala, to be collected in banks of other countries, which are not paid, and in accordance with the legislation that governs them, the banks will retain them el original y sólo dévuelvan a los beneficiarios oa sus bancos correspondentes copias de los mencionados cheques, estas copias will have the same validity as the original cheques. The annotation that the librarian bank puts on the copy of the check, that it has been presented in time and that it has not been paid in full or partially, will affect the effects of the protest. De la concordancia entre las copias y los cheques originales serán responsables los bancos librados o correspondentes que hayan emísto. *Added by Article 1 of Congressional Decree No. 72-2005 on 11-26-2005 ARTICULO 512. Caducidad de acción cambiaria. The acción cambiaria contra el librador, sus avalistas y demás signatarios, expires por haber sido protestado el tiempo. ARTICULO 513. Prescription. Las acciones cambiarias derived del cheque, prescribe en seis meses, counted from the presentation, las del ultimo tenedor, y desde el día siguiente a aquel en que paguen el cheque, las de los endosantes y las de los avalistas. ARTICULO 514. Responsabilidad. El librador de un cheque presentado en tiempo y non pagado, resarcirá al tenedor de los daños y perjuicios que con ello ocasione. ARTICULO 515. Pago de cheques alteredados. The alteration of the amount by which the check was issued, or the falsification of the signature of the librarian, cannot be invoked by this person to object to the payment made by the librarian, if the librarian gave it to them through his fault, or because la de sus factores, representantes o dependientes. ARTICULO 516. Formulario extraviado. Cuando el cheque aparezca extendedido en formulorios de los que el librado hubiere giveno aprobado al librador, éste sólo podra objetar el pago si la alteration o falsificación veuren notorias, o si hubiere given aviso opportuno al librado. Todo convenio contrary to what is provided in this article is null. Sección Tercera DE LOS CHECKES ESPECIALES Machine Translated by Google SUBSECCION PRIMERA DEL CHEQUE CRUZADO ARTICULO 517. Cruce. The check that the librador or the fork crosses with two parallel lines drawn on the front can only be collected by a bank. ARTICULO 518. Cruzamiento especial. If between the lines of the cross, the number of the bank that must be collected appears, will the cross be special? y será general, si entre las líneas no aparece el nombre de un banco determinado. In the last case, the check can be collected by any bank, and in the first, only by the person whose name appears between the lines, or by the bank to whom it will be endorsed for collection. ARTICULO 519. Cruzamiento borrado. It will not be possible to erase the crossing or the name of the institution, if it is special. The changes or suppressions that are made against the provisions of this article, will not be posted. ARTICULO 520. Pago irregular. The librado that pays a check in terms different from those indicated in the previous articles, will be responsible for the irregular payment. SUBSECCION SEGUNDA DEL CHEQUE PARA ABONO EN CUENTA ARTICULO 521. Abono en cuenta. El librador o el tenedor pueden prohibir que el cheque be paid en efectivo, mediate la inserción de la expression: para abono en cuenta. In this case, the librado will only be able to pay the amount of the check in the account that it holds or opens the fork. The erasure or alteration of the expression or any addition to the misma, se tandran por no puestos. ARTICULO 522. Negativa. Si el tenedor no tuviere cuenta y el Banco rehusare abrírsela, negará el pago del cheque, sin responsabilidade. ARTICULO 523. Pago irregular. Machine Translated by Google El librado que pague en forma diversa a la prescripta en los artículos anteriores, will respond por el pago irregular. SUBSECCION TERCERA DEL CHEQUE CERTIFICADO ARTICULO 524. Certification. El librador puede pedir, antes de la issue de un cheque, que el librador certifique que existen fondos disponibles para que el cheque be paid. ARTICULO 525. Prohibitions. La certification no puede ser partial ni extenderse en cheques al portador. ARTICULO 526. Non-negotiable. The certified check is not negotiable. ARTICULO 527. Responsabilidad. The certification will be responsible for the balance in front of the holder of which, during the period of presentation, he will have sufficient funds to pay the check. ARTICULO 528. Forma de certification. The certification is manifested by reason given by the librarian bank in the check itself, which contains the certified sum and the librarian's signature. ARTICULO 529. Revocation. The librarian cannot revoke the certified check, but he can leave it without effect devolviéndolo a librado. SUBSECCION CUARTA DEL CHEQUE CON PROVISION GARANTIZADA ARTICULO 530. Checks with guaranteed provision. The banks will be able to deliver to their account holders check forms with guaranteed provision, which include the date of delivery and expiry of the guarantee and the maximum amount for which each check can be paid. Machine Translated by Google Checks with guaranteed provision cannot be carried. ARTICULO 531. Efectos. The delivery of check forms with guaranteed provision obliges the bank to pay the amount ordered in the check, if it is inside the guaranteed limit. ARTICULO 532. Extinction of the guarantee. The guarantee of the provision will be extinguished: 1º. If the checks are issued after three months from the date of delivery of the forms. 2º. Si el título no se presenta al cobro durante el plazo de presentation. SUBSECCION QUINTA DE LOS CHEQUES DE CAJA ARTICULO 533. Cheques de caja or de gerencia. Los bancos can issue cash or de gerencia checks in charge of their own dependencies. ARTICULO 534. Non negotiable. Cash or management checks will not be negotiable and will not be sent to the bearer. SUBSECCION SEXT DE LOS CHECKS DE VIAJERO ARTICULO 535. Checks de Viajero. Traveller's checks will be issued by the librarian at their own expense, and will be payable by their principal establishment or by the branches or correspondents that they have in the librarian's country or abroad. ARTICULO 536. Creación. Traveller's checks may be placed in circulation by the librarian-librador, or by their branches, agencies or correspondents that they author. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 537. Identification of the beneficiary. For purposes of identification, when delivering the traveller's check the librarian to the beneficiary, he will stamp his signature in the proper place of the title. The person who pays or receives the check must verify the authenticity of the holder's second signature, comparing it with the signature placed before the bookkeeper. ARTICULO 538. Lugares de cobro. The librarian will deliver to the request of the beneficiary, a list of branches, agencies or correspondents where the check can be collected. ARTICULO 539. Falta de pago. The unjustified failure to pay the traveler's check will give action to the holder to demand, in addition to the return of its import, the payment of damages and damages without protest. ARTICULO 540. Responsabilidad. The correspondent who puts travel checks in circulation will be obliged as a guarantor of the librarian. ARTICULO 541. Prescription. Las acciones cambiarias contra el que expida or puta circulación traveler's checks, they will be prescribed in two years from the date on which the checks were issued. SUBSECCION SEPTIMA DE LOS CHECKS WITH TALON PARA RECIBO Y CAUSALES ARTICULO 542. Cheques con talón para recibo. Checks with receipt slip will have attached a separable slip which must be signed by the holder upon receipt of the check and which will serve as proof of the payment made. ARTICULO 543. Checks causales. Causal checks must state the purpose of the check and serve as proof of payment, when the original holder endorses it. CHAPTER VIII DE LAS OBLIGACIONES DE LAS SOCIEDADES DEBENTURES Machine Translated by Google SECCION PRIMERA DE LAS OBLIGACIONES EN GENERAL ARTICULO 544. Obligaciones. The obligations are debt securities that incorporate an aliquot part of a collective credit constituted by a joint stock company. They will be considered bienes muebles, aún cuando estén guaranteed con derechos reales sobre inmuebles. ARTICULO 545. Formas. Las obligaciones podrán ser nominativas, a la orden o al portador y tierran igual valor nominal, que será de cien quetzales o multiples de cien. ARTICULO 546. Series. The obligations may be created in different series, but within each series, they will confer equal rights to their holders. El acto de creación que contraríe este precepto será nulo, y cualquier tenedor podrá demandar su declaración de nullidad. ARTICULO 547. Nuevas series. Obligations will be issued por orden de series. Nuevas series will not be emitted, while the previous one is not fully installed. ARTICULO 548. Requirements. In addition to what is provided in article 386 of this Code, the bond titles must contain: 1º. The denomination of social obligation or debenture. 2º. The name, object and domicile of the creative society. 3º. The amount of authorized capital and the paid part of it, as well as its active and passive capital, according to the result of the audit that must be practiced, precisely to proceed to the creation of obligations. 4º. The import of the emission, with the expression of the number and the nominal value of the obligations. 5º. The indication of the quantity effectively received by the creative society, in the cases in which the emission is placed under par or by means of the payment of commissions. 6º. The type of interest. 7º. The form of amortization of the titles. 8º. The specification of the special guarantees that constitute them, as well as the data of their registration in the corresponding register. Machine Translated by Google 9º. The place, date and number of the deed of creation, as well as the number of the authorizing Notary and the number and date of the registration of the deed in the Mercantile Registry. 10. The signature of the person designated as common representative of the tenants. ARTICULO 549. Sorteos. It will not be possible to establish that the securities are amortized via lotteries for a sum superior to their nominal value, or for prizes or prizes, unless the interest that accrues is superior to six percent (6%) annually. The creation of titles in contravention of this precept will be null, and any holder may demand its nullity. ARTICULO 550. Amount of Emission. The total value of the issue will not exceed the amount of the accounting capital of the creative company, with the deduction of the distributable profits that appear in the balance sheet that has been practiced prior to the act of creation, unless the obligations have been created to allocate su importe a la acquisition de bienes por la sociedad. In this case, the excess amount of the authorized capital can be up to three quarters of the value of the goods. ARTICULO 551. Prohibitions. The creative society will not be able to reduce its capital, sino in proportion to the reimbursement that makes the titles in circulation, nor will it be able to change its finality, domicile or denomination, without the consent of the general assembly of bond holders. ARTICULO 552. Publications of balances. The creative society shall publish annually its balance sheet, reviewed by contador autorizado or auditor, dentro de los tres meses que sigan al cierre del ejercicio social corresponsible. The publication will be made in the Official Journal and in another of the major circulation in the country, where the company has its domicile. If the publication is omitted, cualquier tenedor podrá exigir que se haga, y si no se hiciere dentro del mes que siga al requerimiento, podrá dar por vencidos los titulos que le corresponding. ARTICULO 553. Formalities. The creation of debentures will be formalized in a public escritura, por declaración unilateral de voluntad de la sociedad creadora. The testimony will be registered in the Mercantile Registry and in the records corresponding to the specific guarantees that are constituted. ARTICULO 554. Content. The writing of creation must contain: Machine Translated by Google 1º. Los datos a que se refieran los incisos 2º., 3º., 4º., 5º., 6º., 7º., 8º., 9º. and 10º., del artículo 548 de este Código. 2º. The insertion of the following documents: a) Acta de la asamblea general extraordinaria de accionistas que haya autorizado la creación de los tículos? b) Balance general que se haya practiced prior to the creation of obligations? c) Documento que acredita la personality de quienes deben subscribir los titulos a nombre de la sociedad creadora. 3º. La specification, en su caso, de las garantías especiales que se constituyan. 4º. En su caso, the detailed indication of the goods that have to be acquired with the import of the placement of the titles. 5º. The designation of the common representative of the holders of the titles, the amount of their remuneration, the record of acceptance of their charge and the following declaration: a) De que se ha cerciorado, en su caso, de la existence y valor de los bienes que constituyan las garantías especiales? b) De haber corroborado los contables data manifestados por la sociedad? c) De constituirse como depositario de los fundos que produca la collocation de los tículos until verifying the exact fulfillment of the purposes of the emission, if said funds are dedicated to the construction or acquisition of goods and until the moment when said construction or acquisition se realise ARTICULO 555. Sale of titles. If the titles are offered for sale to the public, the announcements or corresponding propaganda will contain a summary of the data referred to in the previous article. ARTICULO 556. Seguro. Los bienes que constituyan la garantía specifica de las obligaciones, must be insured against incendio y otros riesgos usuales, por una suma que no sea inferior a su valor destructible. ARTICULO 557. Responsabilidad ilimitada. Although specific guarantees, mortgages or pledges are constituted, the issuing society will respond unlimitedly with all its assets for the value of the emission. ARTICULO 558. Cancellation of issuance guarantees. Las garantías de la emission sólo podrán ser canceladas, cuando proceda con intervención del represenative común. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 559. Common representative. The common representative will act as a representative of the group of bondholders and represent them in front of the creative society, and in their case, in front of third parties. ARTICULO 560. Fuero de atracción. Each holder will be able to exercise individually the actions that correspond to them, but the collective judgment that the common representative initiates will be attractive to all the individual judgments. ARTICULO 561. Asambleas generales de obligacionistas. The bondholders will be able to meet in a general assembly, when convened by the debtor society, by the common representative, or by a group of no less than twenty-five percent (25%) of the set of bondholders, calculated by capital. ARTICULO 562. Renunciation of the representative. The common representative will only be able to resign for serious causes that will be qualified by the judge of the domicile of the issuing society. ARTICULO 563. Failure to represent. If the common representative is missing, any bondholder, as well as the issuing company, can request the appointment of an interim representative, which must be carried out in a banking institution, from a judge of the First Instance of the domicile. The interim representative, within the fifteen days following his appointment, will convene an assembly of bondholders that will deal with designating a common representative. El juez está facultado para expedir por sí mismo the convocación de esa asamblea de obligacionistas. ARTICULO 564. Removal of the representative. The assembly can freely remove the common representative. ARTICULO 565. Assistance of common representative. The common representative will have the right to attend, with voice, the assemblies of the debtor society, and must be summoned to them. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 566. Reglas para asambleas de obligacionistas. Las asambleas de bondacionistas se regirán por las establizadas para las de accionistas y por lo disposado expresamente en este chapítulo. The attributions that respect the shareholders' assemblies correspond to the administrators, will be performed by the common representative. The rules of the extraordinary shareholder assemblies will be applied, as long as it is about removing the common representative and consenting to the modification of the deed of creation. If the assembly adopts, by majority, agreements that break the individual derechos of the bondholders, the dissident minority will be able to forfeit their titles. ARTICULO 567. Obligación de asistir. Los administrativos de la sociedad deudora will have the obligation to assist and inform, if they are required for it, a la asamblea de obligacionistas. ARTICULO 568. Titles redeemable. If the titles are redeemable by lottery, this will be celebrated before a Notary, with the assistance of the administrators of the debtor society and the common representative. ARTICLE 569. Publication of results. The results of the draw must be published in the Official Journal and in another one of those with greater circulation in the country. ARTICULO 570. Fecha de pago. In the publication, the payment date will be indicated, which will be five days after the publication. ARTICULO 571. Pago dentro del mes. The date on which the payment of the drawn obligations is initiated must be included precisely within the month that follows the date of the draw. ARTICULO 572. Deposit of import. The debtor society must deposit in a bank the amount of the lottery tickets, a más tardar a day antes del señalado para el pago. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 573. No se causan intereses. If the deposit has been made, the lottery tickets will no longer cause interest from the date indicated for collection. ARTICULO 574. Tenedores que no cobran. If the holders are not present to collect the amount of the securities, the debtor company may withdraw their deposits after ninety days of the date for payment, but this will not exempt them from their obligation to pay them upon presentation. ARTICULO 575. Retribución del representative. The remuneration of the common representative will be borne by the debtor society. ARTICULO 576. Coupons. To incorporate the right to the collection of interests, coupons may be annexed, which may be used by the carrier, even if the obligations have another form of circulation. ARTICULO 577. Prescripción. Las acciones para el cobro de los interescribirán en cinco años, y para el cobro del principal en diez. The prescription of the securities amortized by lottery will run from the date of the first publication required by article 569. ARTICULO 578. Obligaciones prescritas. Transcurridos los zazos de la prescription, la sociedad deudora will put the amount of the prescribed obligations at the disposal of the University of San Carlos, which will have executive action to demand that amount. SECCION SEGUNDA DE LAS OBLIGACIONES CONVERTIBLES EN ACCIONES ARTICULO 579. Conversion to actions. They will be able to create obligations that will confer on their holders the right to convert them into shares of society. ARTICULO 580. Requirements de obligaciones convertibles. Machine Translated by Google The titles of the convertible obligations, in addition to the general requirements that must be contained, will indicate the time within which the right of conversion can be exercised and the basis for the same. ARTICULO 581. Plazo de inalterabilidad. During the period in which the right of conversion can be exercised, the creative society will not be able to modify the conditions or bases for said conversion to take place. ARTICULO 582. Paridad. Las obligias convertibles no podran colocarse bajo la par. ARTICULO 583. Preference and publication. The shareholders will have preference to subscribe the convertible bonds. The creative society will publish in the Official Journal and in another one of those of major circulation in the country, a notice participating to the shareholders of the creation of the obligations. Durante treinta días partir de la fecha del aviso, los acionistas podran ejercitar su preférence para la subscripción. CHAPTER IX DEL CERTIFICADO DE POSITO Y DEL BONO DE PRENDA ARTICULO 584. Certificates of deposit and mortgage bonds. Como consecuencia de depósitos de mercaderías, los Almacenes Generales de Depósito dutifully authorized, podran expedir certificados de depósitos y bonos de prenda. ARTICULO 585. Título representativo. The certificate of deposit will have the quality of title representative of the goods secured by it. ARTICULO 586. Incorporación de Créditos. The mortgage bond will incorporate a mortgage credit on the merchandise secured by the deposit certificate. ARTICULO 587. Other requirements. The certificate of deposit and the bond of pledge will be governed by the specific law of Almacenes Generales de Depósito y en lo que les fuere aplicable, por las dispositions de este Código. Machine Translated by Google CHAPTER X DE LA CARTA DE PORTE O CONOCIMIENTO DE EMBARQUE ARTICULO 588. Rutas permanentes. Los portadores o fletantes, que exploten rutas de transporte permanente, bajo concesión, authorization o permiso estatal, podran expedir a los cargadores cartas de porte o conocimientos de embarque, que têrran el caracter de titulos representativos de las mercaderías objeto de transporte. El conocimiento de embarque will serve to support merchandise transported by sea. La carta de porte will serve to support merchandise transported by air or land. ARTICULO 589. Other requirements. In addition to what is provided for in article 386 of this Code, the port card or boarding knowledge must contain: 1º. El nombre de carta porte o conocimiento de embarque. 2º. The name and address of the transporter. 3º. The name and address of the shipper. 4º. The name and domicile of the person to whom the order is issued, or the indication of the title of the bearer. 5º. El número de orden que correspond al título. 6º. La description pormenorizada de las mercederías que habrán de transportarse. 7º. La indication de los fletes y demás gastos del transporte, de las tarifas aplicables y la de haber sido paidados los fletes o ser éstos por cobrar. 8º. The mention of places and dates of departure and destination. 9º. The indication of the means of transport. 10º. Si el transportista fuera por vehicular determined, los datos necesarios para su identificación. 11º. Las bases para determinar el monto de las responsabilidades del transportador, en casos de pérdidas o averías. 12º. Cualesquiera otras condicions o pactos que acordaren los contratantes. Las cartas de porte y conocimiento de embarque para tráfico internacional, se regirán por las leyes aduaneras ARTICULO 590. Other requirements. If there is a gap between the receipt of merchandise and its shipment, the title must also contain: Machine Translated by Google 1º. The mention of being received for embarkation. 2º. The indication of the place where the merchandise will be kept while the shipment is being carried out. 3º. El plazo fijado para el embarque. CHAPTER XI DE LA FACTURA CAMBIARIA ARTICULO 591. Factura cambiaria. La factura cambiaria es el título de crédito que en la compraventa de mercadarías el vendante podrá librar y entregar o remitir al comprador y que incorporado un derecho de crédito sobre totalidade o la parte insoluta de la compraventa. The buyer will be obliged to return to the seller, duly accepted, the original invoice in the conditions of this chapter. It will not be possible to book a cambiaria invoice that does not correspond to a real or symbolic sale of merchandise. ARTICULO 592. Exceptions. Quedan exceptuadas del régimen aquí dispués, aquellas compraventas documentadas con letras de cambio, pagarés u otros título de crédito. ARTICULO 593. Formalización. Once the bill of exchange has been accepted by the buyer, it will be considered, in front of third parties of good faith, that the purchase contract has been duly executed in the form set forth in the same. ARTICULO 594. Other requirements. In addition to the requirements set forth in article 386, the bill of exchange must contain: 1º. El número de orden del título librado. 2º. El nombre y domicilio del comprador. 3º. The denomination and principal characteristics of the merchandise sold. 4º. The unit price and the total price of the same. The omission of any one of the requirements of the preceding paragraphs will not affect the validity of the legal business that originated the invoice, but it will lose its quality as a credit title. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 595. Pago en Abonos. When the payment has to be made in subscriptions, the invoice must contain, in addition to the requirements set out in the previous article: 1º. The subscription number. 2º. The expiration date of the same. 3º. El monto de cada uno. Los pagos parciales se harán constar en la misma factura, indicating, likewise, la fecha en que fueron hechos. Si el interesado lo pide se le podrá extender constancia por separado. ARTICULO 596. Envío. The invoice can be sent by the seller to the comprador directly, or by intermedio de banco or de tercera persona. De uticarse intermediarios, éstos mordene presentar la invoice al comprador para su aceptación y devolverla, una vez signature por éste, o conservarla en su poder hasta el momento de presentationa para el pago, según las instrucciones que reciban del vender. If the invoice is not accompanied by the merchandise or documents representing it, it must be sent by the vendor within a term of no more than three days from its release, which shall never exceed forty-eight hours from the delivery or dispatch of the merchandise , cualquiera de las dos que sea primero. ARTICULO 597. Envío por correo. If the vendor sends the exchange invoice by mail, it must be done by certified mail with notice of reception, in which it will be indicated: 1º. Que el envío contains invoices. 2º. Que el aviso de reception must be returned by mail. ARTICULO 598. Envío por otros medios. If the seller sends the invoice via another route and the buyer does not accept it immediately, he is obliged to sign in the same act a receipt that the seller will use as proof of delivery of the invoice. ARTICULO 599. Plazos de devolution. The buyer must devolve to the seller the bill of exchange, duly accepted: Machine Translated by Google 1º. Dentro de un plazo de cinco días contar de la fecha de su cibo, si la operación se executa en la misma plaza. 2º. Within a term of fifteen days from the date of receipt, if the operation is executed in a different location. ARTICULO 600. Negativa a aceptar. The buyer can refuse to accept the invoice: 1º. En caso de avería, extravío o no recibo de las mercederías, cuando no son transportadas por su cuenta y riesgo. 2º. If there are defects or vices in the quantity or quality of the goods. 3º. Si no contiene el negocio jurídico convenido. 4º. Por omisión de cualquiera de los requisites que dan a la factura cambiaria su calidad de título de crédito. ARTICULO 601. Protest. La factura cambiaria can be protested for failure to accept or failure to pay. The non-return of the invoice cambiaria will be understood as a failure of acceptance. ARTICULO 602. Protesto por falta de acceptance. The protest for lack of acceptance must be raised within two business days following the expiration of the term stipulated in article 599 of this Code. ARTICULO 603. Form de protesto. The protest for lack of acceptance must be raised in the invoice itself or in a sheet attached to it, accompanying the notice of postal receipt or any other document confirming its delivery to the buyer or its return to the buyer. A falta de invoice, el protesto se levantará por declaración del protestante oa vista una copy de invoice de factura fechada y signada por el vendante, siempre que adjunte el aviso de recepción o cualquier otro documento que proebe que la invoice original fue senta al comprador. ARTICULO 604. Conservación. Los mercantiles must conserve ordenadamente, por el termino de cinco años, las facturas cambiarias que hubieren librado or copias de las sames. Machine Translated by Google CHAPTER XII DE LAS CEDULAS HIPOTECARIAS ARTICULO 605. Cédulas hipotecarias. Las cédulas hipotecarias issued in accordance with the law, will be títulos de crédito y aunque son garantiadas con hypoteca, no perderán su calidad de muebles. The provisions of article 867 of the Civil Code will not be applied to the creation of mortgage bonds by a bank or with the intervention or guarantee of the same, in which case the valuations made by the bank will serve as the basis for determining the maximum issuance. ARTICULO 606. Cancellation. The cancellation of mortgage bonds that fulfill the requirements determined in the previous article can be done by any of the means indicated in article 878 of the Civil Code, but the record of the consignment required by that precept will be replaced by that of the deposit in un banco del capital, intereses y demás cargos que representen las cédulas. The deed of cancellation will be granted by the fiduciary bank or the financial agent of the debt. CHAPTER XIII DE LOS VALES ARTICULO 607. Vales. The value is a title of credit, por el cual the person who the firm recognizes as a debtor of another, por el valor de bienes entregados o servicios prestados y se obligato pagarlos. CHAPTER XIV DE LOS BONOS BANCARIOS ARTICULO 608. Bonos bancarios. Bank bonds are debentures and will be governed by their special laws and additionally by what is established in this Code. CHAPTER XV DE LOS CERTIFICADOS FIDUCIARIOS ARTICULO 609. Certificados fiduciarios. Sólo pueden emitirse certificados fiduciarios como consequencia de fideicomisos estáblado con esa finalidad. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 610. Procedure. The procedure that establishes the law for the issuance of bank bonds must be followed for the creation of fiduciary certificates. ARTICULO 611. Derechos. The fiduciary certificates will have the character of credit securities and will attribute to their holders one or more of the following rights: 1º. A una parte alicuota de los productos de los beien fideicometidos. 2º. A una parte alicuota del derecho de propiedad sobre dicho bienes, o sobre el price que se obtenga en la venta de los mismos. 3º. Al derecho de propiedad sobre una parte determinada del bien imueble fideicometido. ARTICULO 612. En caso de imuebles. Cuando el bien fideicometido sea un mueble, los certificados fiduciarios serán nominativos. ARTICULO 613. Content. The fiduciary certificates must contain, in addition to the general requirements established for credit titles, the following: 1º. La mention de ser: certificado o fiduciario. 2º. The data that identify the writing of the constitution of the fideicomiso and the creation of the own certificates. 3º. La descripción de los beien fideicometidos. 4º. El avalúo de los bienes, si los certificados tuvieren valor nominal. 5º. The faculties of the fiduciary. 6º. Los derechos de los tenedores con circunstancia expresión de las condiciones de su ejercicio. 7º. The firm of the fiduciary and the representative of the administrative authority that intervenes in the creation of the titles. ARTICULO 614. Plaza. Machine Translated by Google El plazo de los certificados fiduciarios no podrá exceder del señalado para el fideicomiso que les dio origen. TITLE II DE LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS CHAPTER I DE LA ACCION CAMBIARIA ARTICULO 615. Ejercicio de la acción. The cambiaria action will be exercised: 1º. En caso de falta de acceptance o de acceptance parcial. 2º. En caso de falta de pago o de pago parcial. 3º. Cuando el librado o el aceptante veren declarados en estado de quiebra, de liquidación judicial, de suspension de pagos, de concurso, o de otra situación equivalente. ARTICULO 616. Acción cambiaria directa. La acción cambiaria es directa cuando se deduce contra el principal obligado or sus avalistas, y de regreso, cuando se exercita contra cualquier otro obligado. ARTICULO 617. Ultimo tenedor. Through the exchange action, the last holder of the title can claim payment: 1º. Del importe del título, o en su caso, de la parte no aceptada o no pagada. 2º. De los intereses moratorios al tipo legal, desde el día de su vencimiento. 3º. De los expenses del protesto en su caso, y de los demás legitimate expenses, includante los expenses del juicio. 4º. De la comisión de cambio entre la plaza en que debiere haberse pagado la letra de cambio y la plaza en que se le haga efectiva, más los gastos de situación. If the title is not expired, the discount, calculated according to the legal interest rate, will be deducted from its import. ARTICULO 618. Obligado en vía de regreso. The obligor en vía de regreso que pague el título, podrá exigir, por medio de acción cambiaria: 1º. El reembolso de lo que hubiere paidado, menos las costas a que hubiere sido condenado. Machine Translated by Google 2º. Interest moratorios al tipo legal sobre tal suma, desde la fecha de su pago. 3º. Los gastos de cobranza y los demás gastos legítimos, incluidas las costas judiciales. 4º. La comisión del cambio entre la plaza de su domicilio y la del reembolso, más los gastos de situación. ARTICULO 619. Exceptions. Contra la acción cambiaria only podran oponerse las siguientes excepciones y defensas: 1º. La incompetencia del Juez. 2º. The actor's lack of personality. 3º. La que se funde en el hecho de no haber sido el demandado quien subscribió el título. 4º. The defendant was unable to subscribe to the title. 5º. Las de falta de representation o de facultades suficates de quien haya subscrito el título a nombre del degadado. 6º. Las fundadas en la omisión de los requisites que el título deba contener y que la la no presume expresamente. 7º. The alteration of the text of the title, without prejudice to the disposition regarding the signatories subsequent to the alteration. 8º. Las relativas a la non negociabilidad del título. 9º. Las que se funden en la quita o pago parcial, siempre que consten en el título. 10º. Las que se funden en la consignación del importe del título or en el deposito del mismo importe, made in the terms of this law. 11º. Las que se funden en la cancelación judicial del título, o en la order juidicial de suspender su pago. 12º. Las de prescription o caducidad, y las que se basen en la falta de los requisites necesarios para el exercise de la action. 13º. Las personales que tenga el defendanto contra el actor. ARTICULO 620. Levantamiento de embargo. When the defendant opposes the exception of no ser suya the firma que se le atribue, ni de persona que haya representato, aun apparently, si declara estos extremos, bajo ramento, ante el juez, se levantará el embargo que se haya practicado. El actor podrá impedir que el embargo se levante, si da fianza suficiente, a juicio del juez, para responder de los daños y perjuicios que se casionen al defendanto. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 621. Deudores principales. The holder of the title can exercise the action cambiaria against the librador, the acceptant, the endorsers anterior to him and the guarantors, be jointly or solely against some or some of them as principal debtors, without losing in this case the action against the others and sin obligación de seguir el orden que las firmas guarden en el título. El mismo derecho will have todo obligado que haya paido el título, en contra de los signatarios anteriores. ARTICULO 622. Forma de cobro. The last holder of the duly protested title, as well as the obligor en vías regreso que haya gado, pueden cobrar lo que en virtue of the title the other signatories owe: 1º. Cargándoles y pidiéndoles que les abonen en cuenta el importe del título plus los gastos y costas legales. 2º. Girando a su cargo a la vista, en favor de sí mismo or de un tercero, por el valor del título, más los gastos y costas legales. In both cases, the aviso or letter of corresponding change must be accompanied by the original title, with the respective annotation of receipt, the testimony or authorized copy of the deed of protest if necessary, and the account of legal expenses and costs. ARTICULO 623. Caducidad. The exchange action of the last holder of the title expires: 1º. Por no haber sido presentado el título en el tiempo para su acceptance o para su pago. 2º. Por no haberse levantado el protesto en los terminos de este Código. ARTICULO 624. Prórroga de plazo. If the holder, debe realizariamente algun acto en relación con el título, y el ultimo día del plazo respecivo fuere fuere hábil, el plazo se considerará prorrogado hasta el día siguiente habil. Los intermedios inhábiles se contarán dentro del plazo. En ningún termón se contará el day que le serva como de partida. ARTICULO 625. Fuerza mayor. The terms on which the expiration date of the cambiaria action depends, are not suspended except in cases of force majeure and are never interrupted. ARTICULO 626. Prescripción de la directa. The action cambiaria directa, prescribes in three years from the day of expiry. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 627. Prescripción de la de regreso. The acción cambiaria de regreso del ultimo tenedor will be prescribed in a year, counted from the date of expiry and in its case, from the time the presentation periods are concluded, or if the title is protested, from the date on which it has been raised. ARTICULO 628. Prescripción contra otros obligados. The action of the obligor, de regreso contra los demás obligados anteriores, prescribes in six months, counted from the date of the voluntary payment or the date of notification of the demand. ARTICULO 629. Interruption of prescription. The causes that interrupt the prescription with respect to one of the exchange debtors do not interrupt it with respect to the others, except in the case of the signatories of a similar act. CHAPTER II DEL PROCEDIMIENTO DE COBRO SECCION PRIMERA DEL PROCEDIMIENTO DE COBRO EN GENERAL ARTICULO 630. Procedimiento Ejecutivo. The collection of a credit title will give rise to the executive procedure, without firm recognition or other requirement, unless the protest is legally necessary. Para los efectos del procedure, se tierra como domicilio del deudor el que aparezca en el título. SECCION SEGUNDA DEL COBRO DE BONO DE PRENDA ARTICULO 631. Cobro. The mortgage bond must be presented to the warehouse corresponding to its collection, which will be governed by the provisions of the specific law. CHAPTER III DE LA CANCELACION, LA REPOSICION Y LA REIVINDICACION DE LOS TITULOS DE CREDITO ARTICULO 632. Reposición de título nominativos. Quien haya sufrido el extravío, robo, destrucción total o parcial de un título de crédito nominativo, podrá requestar la cancelación de éste, y, en su caso, la reposición, sin necessidad de intervención judicial, Machine Translated by Google directly to quien tenga in charge of the registry of titles? éste podrá, si lo juzga necesario, exigir el otorgamiento previo de garantía. ARTICULO 633. Deterioro parcial. If a credit card to the order or to the bearer deteriorates in such a way that it can no longer be circulated, or is destroyed in part, but the necessary data for its identification still exists, the holder may obtain judicially on a voluntary basis , que el título sea repuesto a su costa, si lo devuelve al principal obligado. Equally, the signatories of the original title, who prove that their initial signature has been destroyed or tested, will have the right to sign the new title. Si algún obligado desacatase la orden judicial de signar el nuevo título, el juez signará en su rebeldía. ARTICULO 634. Reposición de títulos a la orden. Quien haya sufrido el extravío, robo o destrucción total de un título crédito a la orden, podrá requestar judicialmente en la vía voluntaria, la cancellation de éste y en su caso, la reposición. ARTICULO 635. Medidas preventivas. The holder who is found in any of the cases mentioned in the previous article, is obliged to practice the following diligences: 1º. Poner en noticia del librado o aceptante, de una manera authentica, la pérdida o destrucción del título, a fin de que se excuse de la acceptance o pago. 2º. Solicitar, en su caso, de tribunal competente, que se prohiba al librado la acceptance o pago. If the title had been accepted before its loss, it will be requested that the payment be prohibited, without the prior granting of bail by the person who presents the title to the payment. 3º. Dar pronto aviso de la pérdida al librador ya su ultimo endorsante. ARTICULO 636. Competencia. It will be a competent judge to know the duties mentioned in the two previous articles, the place where the principal must fulfill the obligations that the title imposes. ARTICULO 637. Solicitud. The request for cancellation and replacement must contain the essential data of the title, and if some of the requirements are blank, the necessary data for the complete identification of the document. The request will be forwarded to the actors who sign the title. ARTICULO 638. Publication. Machine Translated by Google An excerpt of the request will be published in the Official Journal and another one of those with greater circulation in the country. ARTICULO 639. Garantía. The judge, if the actor grants a sufficient guarantee, will order the suspension of the fulfillment of the obligations derived from the title, and, with the restrictions and requirements that he signals, he will allow the applicant to exercise those rights that only could be exercised during the cancellation procedure. ARTICULO 640. Interruption or prescription. The cancellation procedure will interrupt the prescription, and the terms on which the expiration date depends will be suspended. ARTICULO 641. Resolution. Transcurridos thirty days from the date of publication of the request, if no opposition is presented, a resolution decreeing the cancellation will be issued. ARTICULO 642. Ejecutoria. The cancellation resolution will be executed three days after the date of notification, if the title has expired, and three days after the expiration date, if it has not expired yet. ARTICULO 643. Sobreseimiento. If the defendants deny having subscribed to the title whose cancellation is requested, will the procedure be completed in its entirety? pero, si légare a probarse que sí habian suscrito el título, se certificará lo conducente para que se les appliquen las dispositions relativas al perjuicio. ARTICULO 644. Negativa. If the obligees refuse to pay, the person who obtained the cancellation can legitimize himself with the certified copy of the sentence, to demand benefits derived from the title. ARTICULO 645. Título vencido. If the title is expired or expired during the procedure, the actor can ask the Judge to order the signatories to deposit, at the disposal of the Court, the import of the title. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 646. Deposit. The deposit made by one of the signatories frees the others from the obligation to do so. Si lo hicieren varios, sólo subsistirá el deposito de quien libere a major número de obligados. ARTICULO 647. Título substituto. If the cancellation of the title was decreed no hubiere vencido, the Judge will order the signatories to subscribe the substitute title. Si no lo hicieren, el Juez lo firmará en su rebeldía. ARTICULO 648. Vencimiento del substitute. The new title will expire three days after the expiration of the canceled title. ARTICULO 649. Oposición de tercero. The third party who opposes the cancellation must exhibit the title. ARTICULO 650. Derechos del tenedor del canceled. Even if no opposition has been filed, the holder of the canceled title will retain his rights against the person who obtained the cancellation and the collection of the title. ARTICULO 651. Título al portador. Los títulos al portador will not be cancelable. Su tenedor podrá, en los supuestos que estableze el artículo 634 de este Código, judicially notify the issuer, el extravío o el robo. Expired the term of the prescription of the rights incorporated in the title, ni no se hubiere presentado a cobralo un tenedor de buena fe, el obligado deboda pagar el principal y los accesorios al denunciante. ARTICULO 652. Acciones al portador. Si se tratare de acciones al portador, la reposición se efectura de accorde a lo prescripti en el artículo 129 de este Código. ARTICULO 653. Claim. Credit titles may be claimed in cases of loss or theft. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 654. Procedimiento de la acción reivindicatoria. La acción reivindicatoria, will proceed against the first acquirer and against those who have acquired it knowing or debiendo conocer los vicios de la possession de quien se los transmitió. TITLE III DE LA EMPRESA MERCANTIL AND DE SUS ELEMENTOS CHAPTER I DE LA EMPRESA MERCANTIL ARTICULO 655. Empresa mercantil. Se entiende por mercantil empresa e conjunto de trabajo, de elements materiales y de valores incorpóreos coordinated, para oferer al public, con propiso de lucro y de manera systematica, bienes o servicios. La empresa mercantil será reputada como un bien mueble. ARTICULO 656. Transmission. La transmission o gravamen de sus elementos muebles se regirán por las normas del derecho comun. The transmission of a company will be done according to the formalities established for the merger of companies if the transferee is a company. If you are an individual trader, it must be published in the Official Journal and in another one of those of major circulation in the country, with the anticipation and in the form and for the purposes that article 260 indicates, the last balance sheet and the system established for extinction del pasivo. ARTICULO 657. Content of the contract. Todo contracto sobre una empresa mercantile, que no expres los elements que de ella se han tenido cuenta, comprenderá: 1º. The same establishments. 2º. La clientela y la fama mercantil. 3º. The commercial name and other distinctive signs of the company and establishment. 4º. Los contratos de arrendamiento. 5º. Furniture and machinery. 6º. Los contratos de trabajo. 7º. Merchandise, credits and other goods and similar values. Sólo por pacto expresso comprenderán en los contratos que este article refers, las patentes de invención, los secretos de fabricationa y del negocio, las exclusivas y las concessiones. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 658. Subrogation. Except pacto en contrario, quien adquier una empresa se subroga en los contratos celebrados para el ejercicio de las actividades propias de aquella que tenga cararacter personal. El tercero contratante podra, sin embargo, dar por concluido el contrato dentro de los tres meses siguientes a la publication de la transmission, si hubiere justa causa para ello y sin prejuicio de la responsabilidad del enajenante. The same provisions apply in relation to the usufructuary and the tenant of an enterprise. ARTICULO 659. Assignment of credits. The transfer of credits related to the ceded company, even if the debtor is not notified or accepted, will have effects against third parties from the moment of registration of the transfer in the Mercantile Registry. Sin embargo, el deudor quedará liberado si paga de buena fe al enajenante. The same provisions will apply in the case of usufruct or lease of the company, if it extends to the credits relative to the same. ARTICULO 660. Responsabilidad. The transmission of a company implies the debt contracted by the previous holder in the exploitation of the same. Todo pacto en contrario será nulo. Sin embargo, durante el año siguiente a la publication de que habla el article 656 de este Código, subsistirá la responsabilidad del enajenante, sin que la substitution de deudor, produzca efectos respecting de los creedores que durante dicho laso manifestaren su nonconformidad. ARTICLE 661. Embargo. The order of embargo against the owner of a mercantile company can only be placed on it in its entirety or on one or several of its establishments, by appointing an intervenor who will take charge of the cash register to cover the ordinary or essential expenses of the empresa, y conservar el remanente a disposibilidad de la autoridad que ordenó el embargo. No obstante, el dinero, los créditos o las mercaderías may be embargoed en cuanto no se perjudique la marcha normal de la empresa mercantil. ARTICULO 662. Paralysis of activities. When a mercantile company ceases to be exploited for more than six consecutive months without its nature justifying it, it will lose its character, and its elements will cease to constitute the unity that this Code recognizes. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 663. Prohibition of competition. Quien enajena una empresa debe abstenerse, durante los cinco años siguientes a la transmissiona, de iniciar una nueva que por su objeto, ubicación y demás circunstancias, pueda deviar la clientela de la empresa mercantil transmittedida, constituendo una competition disleal, salvo pacto en contrario. In case of usufruct or lease of a company, the prohibition of competition is valid against the owner or the lessor, for the duration of the usufruct or lease. ARTICULO 664. Usufructo y arrendamiento. The usufructuary must exploit the company without modifying its destiny in such a way as to preserve the efficiency of the organization and the investments and normally attend to the endowment of its assets. The difference between the stocks, according to the inventory at the beginning and at the end of the usufruct, will be settled in money, according to the current values at the end of this period. The previous provisions are applicable to the case of lease of the company. CHAPTER II DE ALGUNOS ELEMENTOS DE LA EMPRESA MERCANTIL SECCION PRIMERA DEL ESTABLECIMIENTO ARTICULO 665. Cambio de local. El cambio de locale del establishmente principal, debeda ponerse conocimiento público por aviso que publicará en el Diario Oficial? you must also register in the Mercantile Registry. La falta de publication, da al creedor derecho a exiger daños y perjuicios. ARTICULO 666. Depreciación por cambio de local. If the change causes a noticeable and permanent decrease in the value of the establishment, or if it is changed from one place to another, the creditors will be able to repay their credits. No embargo can be issued without prior judicial declaration of the existence of a diminution in value. The action can be attempted from the date of change, up to ninety days after its registration in the Mercantile Registry. El titular de la empresa podrá prestar garantía suficiente, caso en el cual no procederá el juicio, o si éste ya se hubiere iniciado, se dará por terminado. ARTICULO 667. Establishment clause. The closure of an establishment will pay off todo el pasivo que lo afecta. Machine Translated by Google SECCION SEGUNDA DE LOS NOMBRES COMERCIALES, MARCAS, AVISOS, ANUNCIOS Y PATENTES DE INVENCIÓN ARTICULO 668. Marcas y patentes. Todo lo relativo a los nombres commerciales, marcas, avisos, anuncios y patentes de invención, así como a los derechos que los mismos grantar, se regirá por las leyes especiales de la materia. BOOK IV OBLIGACION Y CONTRATOS MERCANTILES TITLE I GENERAL DISPOSITIONS CAPITULO UNICO DE LAS OBLIGACIONES EN GENERAL ARTICULO 669. Principios filosóficos. The obligations and mercantile contracts will be interpreted, executed and complied with according to the principles of truth known and good faith guarded, a manera de conservar y proteger las rectas y honorable intenciones y deseos de los contratantes, sin limitar con interpretación arbitraria sus efectos naturales. ARTICULO 670. Representación aparente. Quien haya given lugar, con actos positivos u graves omisiones a que se crea, conforme a los usos del comercio, que alguna persona está facultada para actuar como su representative, no podrá invoca la falta de représención respecto terceros de buena fe. ARTICLE 671. * Contract formalities. Los contratos de comercio, no están sujetos, para su validez, a formalidades especiales. Cualesquiera que sean la forma y el idioma en que se se celebren, las partes quedarán obligadas de la manera y en los terminos que apparezca que quesieron obligarse. The contracts celebrated in the Guatemalan territory and that have effect on the same, will be extended in the Spanish language. Se exceptúan de esta disposition los contracts que, de acuerdo con la ley, requieran formas o solemnidades especiales. * Derogated from the last paragraph by Article 55 number 2 of Decree Number 67-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICULO 672. Contratos mediate formularios. Machine Translated by Google The contracts concluded in forms destined to disciplinar de manera uniform determined contractual relations, will be governed by the following rules: 1º. They will be interpreted, in case of doubt, in the least favorable sense for the person who prepared the form. 2º. Any waiver of right will only be valid if it appears underlined or in characters larger or different than those of the rest of the contract. 3º. Las clázuos adicionales prevalecerán sobre las del formulario, aún cuando éstas no hayan sido sin efecto. ARTICULO 673. Contratos mediante pólizas. En los contracts cuyo medio prueba consists of a policy, invoice, order, request or any other similar document subscribed by one of the parties, if the other finds that said document does not agree with its request, it must ask for the corresponding rectification by writing, dentro de los quince días que sigan aquel en que received it, y se considerarán accepted las stipulaciones de ésta, si no se requesta la mentioneda rectification. If within the following fifteen days, the contractor who issues the document does not declare that he requested the rectification, that he cannot proceed to this, the request of the latter will be accepted in its terms. The two previous paragraphs must be inserted textually in the document and if they are omitted, they will be in the terms of the original request. Son aplicables a los contratos a que se refeira este artículo, las reglas establizadas en el previous. ARTICULO 674. Solidaridad de deudores. En las obligaciones mercantiles the codeudores will be solidarios, salvo pacto expresso en contrario. Todo fiador de obligación mercantil, aunque no sea comercialte, será solidario con el deudor principal y con los otros fiadores, salvo lo que se stipule en el contrato. ARTICULO 675. Obligación sin plazo. Son exigibles immediately the obligations for whose fulfillment no se hubiere fixed a term in the contract, salvo que el plazo se consecuencia de la propia naturaleza de éste. ARTICULO 676. Prórroga. En las obligaciones y contratos mercantiles, toda prórroga debe ser expresa. ARTICULO 677. Mora. Machine Translated by Google En las obligaciones y contratos mercantiles se incurre en mora, sin necesidad de requerimiento, desde el día siguiente a aquel en que venzan o sean exigibles. Se exceptúan de lo dispositivo en este article los títulos de crédito y las obligacións y contratos en que expresamente se haya pactado lo contrario. ARTICULO 678. Obligación sobre cosa cierta. If the obligación tuviere por objeto cosa certa y determinada, o determinable por su gender y quantity, el deudor moroso pagará, por concepto de daños y perjuicios, en defecto de pacto, el interés legal sobre el valor de la cosa. The value of the thing will be fixed by the parties in the contract and, in the absence of fixing: 1º. El que tenga en plaza el día de vencimiento. 2º. El de su cotización en bolsa, si se trata de título de crédito. 3º. A falta de uno or otro, el que se fije por expertos. ARTICULO 679. Obligaciones pecuniarias. If the creditor estimates that the damages and losses caused by non-compliance are greater than those fixed in the preceding article, he may claim the excess. ARTICULO 680. Non-compliance with fiscal laws. Los efectos de los contracts y actos mercantiles no se perjudican nor suspenden por el infulmiento de leyes fiscales, sin que esta disposition libere a los responsables de las ciones que such leyes impongan. ARTICULO 681. Libertad de Contratación. Nadie puede ser obligato to contractar, sino cuando el husarse a ello constituya un acto ilícito o abuso de derecho. ARTICULO 682. Derecho de retention. The creditor whose credit is exigible, podrá retainer los bienes muebles or inmuebles de su deudor que se halaren en su poder, o de los que tuvieren la disposition por medio de titulos de crédito representativeos. ARTICULO 683. Obligaciones. El que retiene will have the obligations of a depositary. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 684. Cesación. El derecho de retentione cesará si el deudor consigna el importe del adeudo, o da garantía suficiente por él. ARTICULO 685. Transmission of goods. The right of retention will not cease, because the debtor transmits the property of the goods retained. ARTICULO 686. Embargo de cosa retenida. In case the thing retained is embargoed, quien la tiene will have the right: 1º. A conservar la cosa con el character de depositario judicial y tomar las medidas necessarias si los bienes pudieren sufrir decomposition o pérdida considerable de su valor. 2º. A ser pagado preferentialmente, si el bien retenido estaba en su poder en razón del mismo contrato que originó su crédito. 3º. A ser pagado con prelación al embargante, si la creación del crédito de éste es posterior a la retentione. ARTICULO 687. Obligaciones derivedas de la retentionion. Those who exercise the right of retention are obliged to pay costs, damages and damages: 1º. Si no entabla la demanda dentro del termino legal. 2º. Si se declara improcedente la demanda. ARTICULO 688. Termination. Only in successive tract contracts, and in deferred execution contracts, can the debtor demand termination if the provision of his cargo becomes excessively onerous, due to extraordinary and unpredictable events. The termination will not affect the services already performed nor those with respect to which the debtor would have incurred default. Will the termination proceed in cases of aleatory contracts? ni tampoco en los commutativos, si la onerosidad superviniente es riesgo normal de ellos. ARTICULO 689. Nullidad. The nullity that affects the obligations of one of the parties, will not nullify a plurilateral legal business, unless the realization of the end pursued with this result is impossible, if those obligations do not exist. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 690. Quality of goods. Si no se hubiere determinado con precisión la specie o calidad de las mercaderías que habrán de deliverarse, sólo podra exigirse al deudor, la entrega de mercaderías de especie o calidad medias. ARTICLE 691. * Capitalization of Interests. En las obligaciones mercantiles se podrá pactar la capitalización de interes, siempre que tasa interés no soprepase la tasa average weightedo que appliquen los bancos en sus operaciones actives, en el periodo de que se treate. * Reformed by Article 8 of Decree Number 29-95 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICULO 692. Definitive contract. Al celebrarse un contrato, una parte puede reservarse la facultad de designar, dentro de un plazo no superior de tres días, salvo pacto en contrario, el nombre de la persona que será considerada como contratante definitive. The validity of this designation depends on the effective acceptance of said person, or on the existence of a sufficient representation. If the legal term has passed or the agreement has not been made, the contractor's designation has been made, or the contract has not been valid, the contract will produce its effects among the primitive contractors. ARTICULO 693. Falta de pago. Cuando se haya stipulado que la obligación ha de ser gada por successive tractos, salvo pacto en contrario, la falta de un pago dar por vencida y hará exigible toda la obligación. ARTICULO 694. Normas supletorias. Sólo a falta de dispositions en este libro, se aplicarán a los negocios, obligaciones y contratos mercantiles the dispositions of the Civil Code. TITLE II CONTRACTS MERCANTILES EN PARTICULAR CHAPTER I DE LA COMPRAVENTA MERCANTIL Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 695. Ventas contra documentos. En las ventas contra documentos, the vendor will comply with his obligation to deliver, remitiendo al comprador, los títulos representativos de las mercaderías y los other documents indicated in the contract or required by him. Unless otherwise agreed, the payment of the price must be made at the time the documents are delivered, without the buyer refusing to do so, alleging defects related to the quality or the state of things, unless he has prueba de ello ARTICULO 696. Things in transit. If the things are in transit and between the delivered documents, figure the transport insurance policy, the risks will be borne by the buyer from the moment of the delivery of the goods to the carrier, unless the superior seller, al tiempo de celebrar el contrato, la pérdida o la avería de las cosas y lo hubiere ocultado al comprador. ARTICULO 697. Libre a bordo FOB. En la venta: libre a bordo, FOB, the thing object of the contract must be delivered aboard the ship or vehicle that has to transport it, in the place and time agreed upon, momento partir del cual se risfieren al comprador. The price of the sale will include the value of the item, plus all expenses, taxes and rights that are caused until the moment of delivery on board to the porter. ARTICULO 698. Costado del buque FAS. In sales: on the side of the ship or vehicle, FAS, the previous article will apply, with the caveat that the seller will fulfill his delivery obligation, when the merchandise is placed on the side of the ship or vehicle and from that moment on, the risks. ARTICULO 699. Costo seguro y flete CIF. En la compraventa: costo, seguro y flete, cif, el precio comprenderá el valor de la cosa, más las primas del seguro y los fetes, hasta el lugar convenido para que se recibido por el comprador. ARTICULO 700. Obligaciones del vendedor. The vendor, en la compraventa CIF, will understand: 1º. To contract and pay the transport in the agreed terms and obtain the porter, through the payment of the freight, the knowledge of the embarkation or the relevant porte carta. 2º. To take and pay an insurance for the total value of the object of the contract, in favor of the buyer or the person indicated, that covers the agreed risks or the lack of the agreement, the usual ones, and obtain from the insurer the policy or certificate corresponding Machine Translated by Google 3º. A entregar al comprador oa la persona que éste consigne, los documentos a que este article se referé. ARTICULO 701. Obligaciones del comprador CIF. The CIF buyer will be obliged to pay the price against the delivery of the documents referred to in the previous article. ARTICULO 702. Riesgo en la compraventa CIF. The risks, in the CIF purchase, will be transferred to the buyer, from the moment the object of the contract has been handed over to the carrier. The validity of the insurance must start from that moment. ARTICULO 703. Seguro incompleto. If the CIF vendor does not contract the insurance in the agreed terms or in those that are usual, he will respond to the buyer in case of risk, as the insurer would have responded. El comprador, en este caso, puede contratara el seguro y en todo caso, deducirá el monto de la precio del precio due al vendante. ARTICULO 704. Costo y flete. En las ventas: costo y flete, cif, se aplicarán las dispositions de la venta CIF, con excepción de las relativas al seguro. ARTICULO 705. Cosas embaladas. En toda compraventa mercantil, el comprador que recibiere las cosas embaladas, podrá reclamar los defects in quantity or quality of the merchandise, or its vices, dentro de los fifteen days siguientes al de la reception. ARTICULO 706. Opción de compraventa. En la promesa or la option de compraventa de cosas mercantiles, the parties are free to agree on the term without any limit. CHAPTER II DEL SUMINISTRO Y DEL CONTRATO ESTIMATOR Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 707. Contract of supply. Por el contrato de supply, una parte se obliga mediate un price, a realizar en favor de la otra, prestaciones periodicas o continuadas de cosas muebles o servicios. ARTICULO 708. Quantía. If the amount of the benefits has not been determined, it will be agreed upon the one that corresponds to the normal needs of the part that receives them, at the time of the celebration of the contract. If a maximum and a minimum have been agreed for the total supply, or for the isolated benefits, the amount will be fixed, within the limits of the recipient. ARTICULO 709. Suministros periódicos. In the supply of periodical character, the price will be determined and paid for each isolated provision. ARTICULO 710. Plaza. El plazo established para las prestaciones isolasados se entenderá pactado in interés de both partes. Si quien ha de recibilars tiene facultad de fijar de las prestaciones isolasados, debá comunicarla al supplicant with sufficient anticipation. ARTICULO 711. Termination. If the non-fulfillment of one of the isolated services has such importance that it is presumed that the future services will not be executed opportunely, the contract may be terminated. ARTICULO 712. Suspensión y denunciation. Si la parte que tiene derecho al supply no compliere alguna de sus obligaciones, el suppliante no podrá suspender la execución del contrato sin darle aviso con prudente anticipation. Si no se hubiere established the duration of the supply, each of the parties will be able to denounce the contract, giving notice con la anticipation pactada or, en su defecto, con una anticipation de venta días. ARTICULO 713. Contrato Estimatorio. The estimate contract, for which one party delivers to the other one or several movable things for which it pays a price or returns the things within a time, will be governed by the following rules: 1º. The consignee will not be released from the obligation to pay the price received, because total restitution is impossible, even if it is not imputable. Machine Translated by Google 2º. The consignee will be able to validly dispose of the things, but they will not be embargoed by the creditors until the price has been paid. 3º. The consignor loses his right of disposition sobre las cosas, en tanto que no le sean restituidas. CHAPTER III DEL DEPOSITO MERCANTIL SECCION PRIMERA DEL DEPOSITO IRREGULAR ARTICULO 714. Depósito de cosas fungibles. En los depósitos de cosas fungibles, se podrá convenir que el depositario disponga de la cosa depositedada y restituya otro tanto de la misma especie y calidad. En este caso se aplicarán en lo conducente, las reglas del mutuo. ARTICULO 715. Deposit bancario de dinero. The deposit of money will transfer the property to the bank depository, who will have the obligation to return it. ARTICULO 716. Deposit in the name of two persons. The deposits to which the two previous articles are referred, received in the name of two or more persons, may be returned to any one of them, even in case of death of one or several of the codepositantes, unless otherwise agreed. SECCION SEGUNDA DEL DEPOSITO EN ALMACENES GENERALES ARTICULO 717. Almacenes generales de deposito, certificados de deposito y bonos de prenda. They will be deposited in general warehouses, los hechos in establishments open to the public, for the guarda y conservación de bienes muebles. Only general warehouses, duly authorized, may issue certificates of deposit and gift vouchers representative of merchandise received. The existence and operation of the general warehouses will be regulated by the specific law and its regulations. CHAPTER IV CREDIT OPERATIONS Machine Translated by Google SECCION PRIMERA DE LA APERTURA DE CREDITO ARTICULO 718. Apertura de crédito. Por el contrato apertura de crédito, the creditor obliges himself to put a sum of money at the disposal of the creditor, or bien, to contract obligaciones por cuenta de éste, who must return the sums he has available or provide the amounts payable on his account , ya pagar los gastos, comisiones e interes que resulten a su cargo. ARTICULO 719. Interests, comisiones y gastos. En el importe del crédito no se entenderán comprendidos los interesos, commissions y gastos que deba coverr el accreditado. ARTICULO 720. Quantía. The amount of the credit will be determinable, or determinable by its finality or in any other way that has been agreed upon. La falta de determination se imputará al accreditante, quien responderá de los daños y perjuicios que por la ineficacia del contrato se cause al accreditado. No cabe pacto en contra de lo disponedo en este article. ARTICULO 721. Facultad de disponer. The creditor will be able to dispose of the credit amount in full or in part. ARTICULO 722. Comisión fijada. Will it be understood that the accredited person must pay the fixed commission, even if he does not have the credit? pero los interesarán se causarán only sobre las quantitas de que effectively disponga el accreditado, y sobre las pagadas por su cuenta. ARTICULO 723. Cuenta corriente. If the credit opening is current, the creditor may make remittances, before the date set for the liquidation, in partial or total reimbursement of the provisions that he previously had made, and he will have the right, while the contract is not concluded, to dispose of la forma pactada del saldo que resulte a su favor. ARTICULO 724. Provision of funds. Machine Translated by Google If the accreditor assumes obligations for the account of the accreditor, he must provide funds to pay them, at the latest, on the business day prior to his due date. ARTICLE 725. No assignment of credit. The granting or transmission of a title of credit or any other document, by the creditor to the creditor, as recognition of the debt that is in charge of that result in virtue of the provisions that make the credit granted, does not empower the creditor to discount or ceder the credit as documented antes de su vencimiento, sino cuando el acreditado lo authorice para ello expresamente. Negociado o cedido el documento indebidamente, el accreditante will be responsible for damages and perjuicios. ARTICULO 726. Plaza. Cuando las partes no fijen plazo para la devolución de las sumas que adeuda el accreditado, se entenderá que la restitución debato hacerse dentro de los meses que sigan a la la extinción del plazo señalado para el uso del crédito. The same rule will apply to the other benefits that correspond to pay the creditor. ARTICULO 727. Vencimiento anticipado. If the contract indicates a term for its fulfillment, the accreditor may terminate it in advance, prior written notice to the accreditor. Una vez given el aviso, the accreditor will not be obliged to hacer más pagos nor to assume the obligations in charge of the accreditor. ARTICULO 728. Vencimiento mediate notificación. Cuando ni directa e indirectamente se estipula termo para la utilizado del crédito, cualquiera de las partes podrá darlo por concluido, via mediate denuncia que se notificará a la otra por conducto de notario. SECCION SEGUNDA DEL DESCUENTO ARTICULO 729. Descuento. It will be understood by discounting the mercantile operation in which the discounter transfers to the discounter a credit with a future maturity, and éste pone at his disposal the amount of the credit, previa deducción of a sum fixed by common agreement. The discounter must respond to the payment of the transferred credit, unless expressly agreed otherwise. ARTICULO 730. Letras documentadas. Machine Translated by Google Si se treatare de letras a las que se compañen documents, letras documentadas, the discounter will also have the rights of an endorser en garantio sobre los títulos representativos correspondinges, mientras los conserva en su poder. ARTICLE 731. * Crédito en libros. The credits open in the books of merchants, may be discounted, as long as the following requirements are met: 1º. Que los créditos sean exigibles a termo o con previo aviso. 2º. Que haya prueba escrita de la existencia del crédito. 3º. Que el descuento se haga constar por escrito en que se cicionen el nombre y domicile de los deudores, el importo de los credits, el type de interes pactado y los terms y condiciones pago. 4º. Derogado. * Derogado el inciso 4º por el Artículo 14 del Decreto Número 62-95 del Congreso de la República de Guatemala. ARTICULO 732. Derecho a examen de libros. The discounter of credits in books will have the right to examine the books and correspondence of the discounter, in relation to the operations related to the discounted credits. ARTICULO 733. Obligaciones del descontatario. The discounter will be considered, para todos los efectos de ley, como mandatario del discounter of credits in books, en cuanto se referer al cobro de los credits materia del descuento, y tierra las obligations y las responsabilidades que al mismo correspondente. SECCION TERCERA DEL CONTRATO DE CUENTA CORRIENTE ARTICULO 734. Cuenta corriente. By virtue of the current account contract, the credits and debits derived from the reciprocal remittances of the parties will be considered, respectively, as debit and charge items in the account of each current account holder and only the balance that results when the account is closed will be constituted un crédito exigible en los terminos del contrato. ARTICULO 735. Prueba insufficiente. Machine Translated by Google The circumstance that in the accounting of a merchant se abra una cuenta corriente a otro, quien a su vez leveve una cuenta corriente al primero, no prueba por sí sola, que entre ellos exista un contrato cuenta corriente. ARTICULO 736. Presumption. Se sumen includios en la cuenta corriente, todos los negocios propios del giro of each cuenta correntista. ARTICULO 737. Actions and exceptions. The registration of a credit in the current account does not imply the waiver of the actions or exceptions relative to the validity of the acts or contracts from which the remittance proceeds. If the act was annulled, the corresponding part will be canceled in the account. ARTICULO 738. Credit with guarantee. If a credit with real or personal guarantee is included in the current account, the current account holder has the right to make the guarantee effective, for the balance that results in his favor at the closing of the account, and up to the amount of the guaranteed credit. The same provision will apply, si respecto del crédito inscrito en cuenta corriente hubiere deudores solidarios. ARTICULO 739. Crédito a cargo de tercero. The inclusion of a third-party credit is presumed to have been made, except for good collection. ARTICULO 740. Embargo del saldo eventual. The creditor of a current account can embargo the eventual balance of the current account. The embargo must be notified by the authority that makes it to the other current account holder, who will then have the right to terminate the account. Las operations initiated after the date and time of the embargo, no pueden diminuir el saldo de la cuenta contra del embargante? but they will not be considered as new operations, those resulting from the rights of the other current account already existing at the moment of the embargo, even if the respective annotations have not been made on the account. ARTICULO 741. Plazo para el cierre. The closing of the account for the determination of the balance is carried out every six months, unless otherwise agreed. El crédito por el saldo exigible a la vista o en los terminos del contrato correspondente. If the balance is kept in account, it will cause interest in the agreed type for the other remittances, in the absence of agreement, in the legal type. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 742. Time for rectifications. The actions for the rectification of any number, calculation error or for duplications or omissions in the account, are prescribed in the term of six months, from the closing date of the same. ARTICULO 743. Contrato sin plazo. In the absence of an agreed term, any account holder may, in each closing period, terminate the contract by giving written notice to the other, at least ten days before the closing date. The death or surviving incapacity of one of the current account holders does not imply termination of the contract, unless their heirs or representatives, or the other current account holder, opt for termination. SECCION CUARTA DEL REPORTO ARTICULO 744. Report. By virtue of the report, the reporter acquires for a sum of money the property of the debt securities, and is obliged to transfer the reportado, the property of other many securities of the same species in the agreed term, contra reimbursement of the same price, which it can be increased or decreased in the manner agreed upon. The report will be perfected for the exchange of titles. ARTICULO 745. Requirements. The report must consist of a written statement expressing the complete number of the reporter and the reportee, the class of titles given in the report and the necessary data for identification, the fixed term for the expiry of the operation and the price or the manner of fixing it. ARTICULO 746. Rights of option. If the securities attribute an option right that must be exercised during the report, the reporter will be obliged to exercise it on behalf of the reportee, but the latter must provide sufficient funds two days before, at least, the expiration of the term indicated for el ejercicio del derecho opcional. ARTICULO 747. Derechos accesorios, dividends, intereses y voto. Unless otherwise agreed, the accessory rights corresponding to the securities given in the report will be exercised by the reportor on behalf of the reportor, and the dividends or interests paid on the securities during the report will be credited to the reportor and will be liquidated at maturity of the operation. The refunds and prizes will be for the benefit of the reportado, cuando los títulos hayan sido Machine Translated by Google specifically designated al hacerse la operación. El derecho de voto, salvo pacto en contrario, corresponds to the reporter. ARTICULO 748. Llamamientos. When, during the term of the report, any call on the titles must be paid, the reportado must provide the reporter with the necessary funds two days before, at least, the date on which the call must be paid. If the report does not comply with this obligation, the report may then proceed to liquidate the report. ARTICULO 749. Liquidation. If the first business day following the end of the reporting period is not liquidated nor the operation extended, it will be abandoned and the party in whose favor results in a difference, can claim it. SECCION QUINTA CARTAS DE ORDENES DE CREDITO ARTICULO 750. Carta orden de crédito. Las cartas órdens de crédito, must be expedirse en favor de persona determinada y no serán negociables? they will express a fixed amount or a maximum whose limit will be accurately signaled. ARTICULO 751. No acceptance ni protesto. Las cartas ordénes de crédito, no se aceptan ni son protestables, no conferen a sus tenedores derecho alguno contra las personas a quienes van dirigadas. ARTICULO 752. Derechos del tomador. The tomador will not have any right against the giver, unless the amount of the credit order has been delivered in effect, or satisfied with the amount in another form, cases in which the giver will be obliged to return the receipt if the card has not been paid , por causa imputable al dador ya resarcir los daños y perjuicios. Si el tomador hubiere gave fianza o garantiado de otro modo el importe de la carta, y ésta no fuere pagada, por causas imputables al giver, éste estará obligado al pago de los daños y perjuicios. The damages and losses referred to in this article will not exceed one-fifth of the amount that has not been paid, in addition to the costs caused by the warranty. ARTICULO 753. Revocability. The giver of a letter of credit order, except in the case that the borrower has actually delivered the amount of the letter or has been satisfied in another form, may revoke it at any time, poniéndolo del conocimiento del tomador and de aquel a quien fuere directed Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 754. Obligación del dador. The giver of a letter of credit order will be bound to the person whose charge it is, for the amount he pays in virtue of the letter, within the limits fixed in the same. ARTICULO 755. Plaza. When no other period is indicated in it, the term of a credit order card will be one year, counted from the date of its dispatch. Passado el plazo que en la carta se signale, o en su defecto, trascurrido el que indica este article, la carta quedará canceled. ARTICULO 756. Reembolso. El tomador debega reimbursar al dador todas las quantitas que éste hubiere paid en virtud de la carta, más los intereses legales sobre dichas quantitas? estas sumas se pagarán tan pronto las haya hecho efectivas el giver, salvo pacto en contrario. SECCION SEXTA DE LAS TARJETAS DE CREDITO ARTICLE 757. * Credit cards Las tarjetas de crédito must be issued to individuals or legal entities and will not be negotiable. They must contain the name of the person who issues them, the autograph signature of the person in whose favor they are extended, the validity period and if the same has national or international validity, being applicable to the same ones in what corresponds to the norms of the order letters . For financing through credit cards, the interest rate indicated in article 757 bis of this Code will apply. To the credits originated by the use of credit cards, the payment rules will apply, with the exception of the conventional interest rate. * Reformed by Article 1 of Decree Number 33-2003 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 757 bis. * DEROGADO * Added by Article 2 of Decree Number 33-2003 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. * Derogado por los Expedientes Accumulados Número 994, 995 Y 1009-2003 de la Corte de Constitutionalidad. SECCION SEPTIMA DEL CREDITO DOCUMENTARIO Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 758. Crédito documentario. Por el contracto de crédito documentario, the accreditor is obliged, in front of the accreditor, to contract for the account of this person an obligation for the benefit of a third party and in agreement with the conditions established by the accreditor himself. ARTICULO 759. Irrevocabilidad. Si en la carta de crédito, constare la irrevocabilidad de ésta, no podrá ser modificada o rescindida sin la conformación de todos los interesados. ARTICULO 760. Solidaridad. The bank that notifies the opening of the documentary credit to the beneficiary, will not be bound by the single notification. Si confirma el crédito, quedará solidariamente obligado. ARTICULO 761. Exceptions. The creditor will only be able to oppose to the beneficiary the exceptions that derive from the commercial credit card and the personals that have against him. ARTICULO 762. Transmissibility. The beneficiary will only be able to transmit the documentary credit if he has expressly authorized it. ARTICULO 763. Responsabilidad bancaria. The banks will respond in front of the accredited person in accordance with the rules of the mandate, and must scrupulously take care that the documents that the beneficiary presents have the regularity that establishes the uses of the trade. ARTICULO 764. Carta de crédito. When a credit card is used as a means of guaranteeing to the seller the payment of the price of effects represented by documents, the giver or his correspondent shall not make the payment unless after making sure that the documents representing the merchandise are apparently in due form . In this case, the credit card constitutes, by nature, an independent operation of the contract of purchase. ARTICULO 765. Plaza. Machine Translated by Google If the credit card does not indicate an expiration date, it will be understood that the credit will be in force for six months, counted from the date of notification to the beneficiary. CHAPTER V FIDEICOMISO ARTICULO 766. Characteristics of fideicomiso. El fideicomitente transmite ciertos bienes y derechos al fiduciario, afectándolos a fines deterministas. The fiduciary receives them with the limitation of mandatory character, de realizar solo aquellos actos exigidos para cumplir los fines del fideicomiso. ARTICULO 767. Fideicomitente. El fideicomitente debe tener capacidad legal para alienar sus bienes, y el fideicomisario, para adquiror el provecho del fideicomiso. El que no puede heredar por incapacidad o indignidad, no puede ser fideicomisario de un fideicomiso testamentario. Por los menores, incapaces y ausentes, pueden constituir fideicomiso sus legal representatives with judicial authorization. Puede también constituirse por apoderado cno facultad especial. ARTICULO 768. Fiduciario. Sólo potran ser fiduciarios los bancos established in the country. Credit institutions will also be able to act as fiduciaries, after having been specifically authorized for this purpose by the Monetary Board. ARTICULO 769. Fideicomisario. Fideicomisario puede ser cualquier persona que, en el momento en que acuerdo con el fideicomiso le corresponding entrar a beneficiarse del mismo, tenga capacidad de acquiror derechos. No es necesario para la validez del fideicomiso that the fideicomisario be individually designated in himself, siempre que en el documento constitutivo del fideicomiso se establezcan norms o reglas para su determination posterior. El fideicomitente podrá designarse a sí mismo como fideicomisario. El fiduciario nunca podra ser fideicomisario del mismo fideicomiso. ARTICULO 770. Constitución. El fideicomiso puede constituirse por contrato o instituirse por testamento. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 771. Contrato de fideicomiso. The contract of fideicomiso debe constar en escritura pública en el acto de subscribirse, debiendo constar the acceptance of the fiduciary in el miso acto y consignando en el documento el valor estimativo de los bienes. Los Jueces de Primera Instancia del Ramo Civil, a solicitud de parte y con opinión favorable del Ministerio Público, podran constitu fideicomisos en los casos en que por la ley pueden designate persons que se carguen de la administración de bienes. El fiduciario nombrado judicialmente sólo será administrator de los bienes. ARTICULO 772. Inventario y avalúo. Reconocida la legitimidad de un testament en que se establezca fideicomiso, se efectará inventario y avalúo de los beien fideicometidos con intervention del fiduciario. ARTICULO 773. Designación innominada. If the fiduciary is not named nominally in the will, the judge will appoint the fiduciary and, in effect, the judge will make the designation. ARTICULO 774. Various fiduciaries. Puedarse uno or varios fiduciarios, y en este ultimo caso, podran actura conjunta o secesivamente, de acuerdo con las dispositions del documento constitutivo. ARTICULO 775. Facultades especiales. The fiduciary will be able to realize all the acts that are necessary for the fulfillment of the fines of the trust, but to donate, sell or grab the trust assets, the express faculty that is contained in the constitution document is required. If the execution of the fideicomiso is impossible or manifestly disadvantageous without alienating or recording the goods and the fiduciary is not expressly empowered to do so, he may request judicial authorization. ARTICULO 776. Effects against third parties. El fideicomiso surte efectos contra terceros: 1º. From the moment of the presentation of the constitutive document to the Registro de la Propiedad, si se trataré de inmuebles, real rights and other goods subject to registration. 2º. Desde que la traslación se perfeccione con el documento constitutivo de la obligación o la law, si se treatare de créditos u obligaciones no endosables. 3º. Desde la fecha del endoso o registra, en su caso, si se tratare de titulos a la orden o nominativos, o de bienes muebles sujetos a registros o inscripción. Machine Translated by Google 4º. Desde la fecha del documento constitutivo del fideicomiso si se tratare de bienes muebles no sujets a registro. 5º. Desde que se efectúa la tradition si se treatare de título al portador. 6º. Desde que se efectúa la publication de un edicto en el Diario Oficial, notifying it to the interested parties, si se tratare de empresas industriales, commerciales o agrículos. ARTICULO 777. Patrimonio fideicometido. El patrimonio fideicometido solamente responderá 1º. Por las obligaciones que se referen al fin de fideicomiso. 2º. De los derechos que se haya reservado al fideicomitente. 3º. De los derechos que para el fideicomitente se deriven del fideicomiso. 4º. De los derechos adquired legally by third parties, inclusive fiscales, laborales y de cualquier otra índole. 5º. De los derechos aquiredos por el fideicomisario con anterioridad o durante la vigencia del fideicomiso. ARTICULO 778. Derechos del fideicomisario. The trustee has the following rights: 1º. Ejercitar los que se deriven del contrato o acto constitutivo. 2º. Exigir al fiduciario el cumplimento del fideicomiso. 3º. Request the removal of the fiduciary for the reasons set out in article 786 of this Code. 4º. Impugnar los actos que el fiduciario realice de mala fe o en infraction de las dispositions que se se rijan al fideicomiso y exigir judicialmente que se restituyan al fiduciario de los bienes que, como consequencia de estos actos hayan salido del patrimonio fideicometido. 5º. Revisar, en cualquier tiempo, por sí o por medio de las personas que designe, los libros, cuentas y comprobantes del fideicomiso, así como mandar a practicar audit. ARTICULO 779. Ausencia del fideicomisario. When the fideicomisario determined does not exist, the rights referred to in the previous article will correspond to the public ministry. ARTICULO 780. Abuso de fiduciarios. Machine Translated by Google Si el fiduciario enajena o grava los bienes en abuso de las facultades que le orgue el contrato o el acto constitutivo, el fideicomitente o el fideicomisario. Podrán exigerle que responde por los daños y perjuicios derivados de la negociación, así como promover su remoción y la imposición a fiduciario de las demás acciones que correspondente. ARTICULO 781. Fiduciario debe identificarse. El fiduciario debe declarar que actua en esa calidad, en todo acto o contrato que otorgue en execución del fideicomiso. ARTICULO 782. Inembargabilidad. Los derechos que el fideicomisario pueda tener en fideicomiso no son embargables por sus creedores? pero sí lo son los frutos que el fideicomisario perceiva del fideicomiso. Podrá annotarse los fideicometidos with the object of enjoying preferences sobre los derechos de las persons que consigna el article 788 de este Código al extinguishirse el fideicomiso. Cuando se trata de bienes no objeto de registro, el fiduciario debeda extender constancia de entreado para tenerlo presente en el momento de la liquidación. ARTICLE 783. Derechos del fiduciario. The fiduciary has the following rights: 1º. Ejercitar las facultades y efectura todas las erogaciones que se quieran para el fulfillment del fideicomiso, salvo las limitations que establece la law o que contenga el documento constitutivo. 2º. Ejercitar todas las actions que puedan ser necessaria para la defense del patrimonio fideicometido. 3º. Grant mandatos especiales con representation en relación con el fideicomiso. 4º. Percibir remuneración por sus servicios? cobra preferentialmente su remuneración de los ingresos del fideicomiso. 5º. Los demás que sean necesarios para el fulfillment del fin del fideicomiso. ARTICULO 784. Inversiones. Unless expressly authorized in contrario, given by the fiduciary in the constitutive document, the fiduciary may only make investments in bonds and debentures of recognized solidity, issued or guaranteed by the State, public entities, financial institutions, banks that operate el país y las empresas privadas cuyas emisiones qualifique como de primer orden la Comisión de Valores. ARTICULO 785. Obligaciones del fiduciario. The fiduciary has the following obligations: Machine Translated by Google 1º. Executar el fideicomiso de acuerdo con su constitución y fines. 2º. Desempeñar su charge con la diligencia bida y only podrá renunciarlo por causas graves, que mordene ser calificadas por un Juez de Primera Stancia. 3º. Take possession of the fideicometidos goods, in the terms of the constitutive document and ensure its conservation and security. 4º. Llevar cuenta detalada de su gestioni, en forma separada en sus demás operaciones y renderir cuentas e informes a quién corresponde, por lo menos annually o cuando el fideicomitente o el fideicomissario se lo quieran. 5º. Las demás inherentes a la naturaleza de su encargo. ARTICULO 786. Remoción del fiduciario. The fiduciary must be removed: 1º. Si no cumple con las instrucciones contenidas en el documento constitutivo del fideicomiso. 2º. If you do not carry out your duties with due diligence. 3º. Si tiene intereses antagónicos con los del fideicomisario. La remoción del fiduciario no termina el fideicomiso, a menos que su stitución sea imposible. ARTICULO 787. Extinction of fideicomiso. The fideicomiso terminates: 1º. Por la realization del fin para el que fue constituido. 2º. Por hacerse imposible su realization. 3º. Por haberse cumplido la condición resolutoria a que haya quedado sujeto. 4º. Por convenio expresso entre el fideicomitente y el fideicomisario. 5º. Por revocation made by the trustee, cuando se haya reservado ese derecho en el documento constitutivo. 6º. Por renuncia, no aceptación o remoción del fiduciario, si no fuere posible substituirlo. 7º. Por el transcurso del plazo máximo de twentycinco años, a menos que el fideicomisario sea uncapable, enfermo incurable o institución de asistencia social. 8º. Por sentencia judicial. ARTICULO 788. Efectos de la extinción. Machine Translated by Google Al terminar el fideicomiso, los bienes del mismo que tenga en su poder el fiduciario, must be delivered to quien correspondados, según las dispositions del documento constitutivo or sentencia judicial, en su caso? y en su defecto, al fideicomitente or sus herederos, en los casos señalados en los incisos 2º, 3º, 4º, 5º y 6º del artículo 787 de este Código y al fideicomisario, en los casos señalados en los incisos 1º y 7º del mismo article . ARTICULO 789. Nullidad del fideicomiso. Son nulos los fideicomisos: 1º. Constituidos en forma secreta. 2º. Aquellos en los cuales el beneficio se orgue a diversas personas, secesivamente, que deban sustituirse por muerte de la anterior, salvo que la sustitución se efectúo en favor de personas que estén vivas o concebidas a la muerte del fideicomitente. ARTICULO 790. Plazo mayor del legal. Los fideicomisos constitutives por un plazo mayor de twenty-cinco años will be valid. Cuando se designa fideicomisario a una estatal entity, o una institución de asistencia social, cultural, científica o artística con fines non lucrativos oa un incapacita oa un enfermo incurable, el plazo del fideicomiso podrá ser definido. ARTICULO 791. Fideicomiso de garantía. Si se treatare de fideicomisos garantia, en caso de infulmiento del deudor, el fiduciario podrá promover la sale de los beien fideicometidos en pública abasta ante Notario, siendo nulo todo pacto que authorice al fiduciario del entregar los beienes al creeder en forma distinta. Las operacións bancarias con garantia de fideicomiso, se asimilarán a los créditos con garantia real. El fiduciario de un fideicomiso de garantie debe ser persona distinta del acreedor. ARTICULO 792. Impuestos. El documento constitutivo de fideicomiso y la traslación de bienes en fideicomiso, al fiduciario, estarán libres de todo impuesto. Equally, it is exonerated from all taxes on the return of fideicometidos goods to the fideicomitante, at the termination of the fideicomiso. The contract or act by which the fiduciary transfers or transfers immovable property to the fiduciary or to third parties shall be subject to all taxes in force on the date of the act or contract, but in the case of testamentary trusts, in relation to real estate , the tax will be graduated according to the parentage of the fideicomitente with the respective fideicomisario. ARTICULO 793. Honorarios. Machine Translated by Google Los honorarios del fiduciario pornán ser charge del fideicomitente, del fideicomisario or de ambos? en todo caso, the fiduciary will have preference sobre cualquier otro creedor para el cobro de honorarios, créditos y de los gastos del mismo fideicomiso, que tuvieren que hacerse efectivos con los beien fideicometidos. CHAPTER VI DEL TRANSPORTE SECCION PRIMERA GENERAL DISPOSITIONS ARTICULO 794. Transport contract. Por el contrato de transporte, el porteador se obliga, por cierto precio, a conducir de un lugar a otros pasajeros o mercaderías ajenaes que muston ser entregadas al consignatario. ARTICULO 795. Applicability. The provisions of the present chapter will apply to transport by land, water and air. ARTICULO 796. Obligaciones del porteador. The porter will assume the obligations and responsibilities of the transport even if he uses the services of third parties. ARTICULO 797. Transporte combinado. If two or more carriers intervene in a transport contract, each person will respond within the scope of their respective execution. If a combined transport is agreed, a unique document will be issued and the carriers will be jointly responsible for the execution of the contract. ARTICULO 798. Limitation of liability. Although the combined transport is initiated or concluded outside the territory of the Republic, the carriers domiciled in Guatemala will only respond in the terms of the Guatemalan laws and before the courts of the Republic. ARTICULO 799. Prescripción. The actions derived from the contract of transport will be prescribed in six months, counted from the end of the trip, or from the date on which the passenger or the things carried should arrive at their destination. Machine Translated by Google SECCION SEGUNDA DEL TRANSPORTE DE PERSONAS ARTICULO 800. Responsabilidad del porteador. The carriers will be responsible for the damages and damages caused by the vehicles even if the person driving them is not employed by the carrier, as long as the vehicle has been entrusted to him in a transitory manner. The responsibility to which this article refers will cease if it is proven that the damned person gave place to the damage or resulting damage or when he had proceeded with a manifest violation of laws and regulations. ARTICULO 801. Value declared. If the porter receives the equipment with value declared by the passenger, the damages that occur will be settled by that value, unless it is proven that it is superior to the real one. If no value has been declared, the responsibility of the porter will be limited to a quantity equal, per kilogram of equipment, to the amount of the passenger that corresponds to a distance of fifty kilometers. ARTICULO 802. Equipaje no entregado. Si se tratare de equipaje not delivered to the porter, éste no terdera responsabilidad por pérdida or avería, a menos que el pasajero proebe que ellas se bieron a causa imputable to the porter. ARTICULO 803. Retrasos. The carrier will respond to the damages suffered by the passengers for delays or breach of contract if they are the fault of the company. En los transportes aérios, the costs of stay and transport of travelers who, for reasons of services or meteorology, are obliged to realize high or unforeseen deviations in the respective routes and schedules, will be borne by the porter, even without fault attributed to the porter. ARTICULO 804. Boletos. The porter must deliver to the passenger a ticket or ticket containing the name of the company, the date of the trip, the number of pieces of equipment and the other circumstances of the transport. En relación con los equipajes que se deliveren al porteador, éste entregará una password que los identifique. Machine Translated by Google SECCION TERCERA DEL TRANSPORTE DE COSAS ARTICULO 805. Cargador. Denomínase cargador, remitente o consignante al que por cuenta propia o ajena encarga al portador la conducción de merchandiserías. The cargador, junto con los efectos que sean objeto del contrato, debora entregar al porteador los documentos necesarios para el transito de la carga. It is also obligatory to indicate to the porter the address of the consignee, the place of delivery, the number, weight, form of packaging and content of the packages, with expression of the gender and quality of the effects that they contain and in case that the porteador pudiere realizar el transporte por diverses medios, identificará éstos y la ruta que ha de seguirse. ARTICULO 806. Damages by omissions. The charger will support the damages resulting from the lack of documents, the inexactness and omission of the declarations that must be made and the damages that come from hidden defects in the packaging. If the porter realizes the transport knowing that no necessary documents have been delivered to him for the transit of the cargo, the damages will be at his expense. ARTICULO 807. Vicios ocultos. The charger will respond to the damages caused by hidden vices of the thing. ARTICULO 808. Carta de porte. The porter must issue a proof of receipt of the cargo, which will be handed over to the cargador, or, if required, a deed of port or de-embarque. In any case, the porter will be entitled to require the opening and recognition of the packages in the act of delivery. ARTICULO 809. Nuevo consignatario. While the consignee has not requested the delivery of the merchandise, when you have arrived at your destination, the shipper may designate a new consignee. If a despatch card has been issued, the faculty that grants this article may not be exercised, but only by means of its return and the payment of expenses that originate the expedition of a new one. ARTICULO 810. Rescission. Machine Translated by Google The shipper will be able to cancel the contract before starting the trip, previo pago de la mitad del flete y devolución de la carte porte. ARTICULO 811. Place of delivery. The porter must put the things transported at the disposal of the consignee in the place, in the period and in the manner indicated in the contract. If the delivery should be made in a different location from the home of the consignee, the porter will give him immediate notice of the arrival of the things transported. ARTICULO 812. Reception of goods. Quien asumiere el caracter de consignatario must receive the things in a term of twenty-four hours, from the moment the porter puts them at his disposal, y siempre que rúnan las condiciones indicatos en la carta porte. If parte de los objetos estuvieren averiados, debera recibir los que estén unlesos, siempre que, separado de los anteriores, no sufrieren grave diminución de su valor. ARTICULO 813. Recognition. The consignee must open and recognize the packages in the act of reception, if the porter requests it? si aqué rehusare hacerlo, el porteador will be free of responsabilidades que no provengan de fraude o de dolo. ARTICULO 814. Averías. Actions for breakdowns or losses will expire if, within ten days following the delivery of the items transported, the corresponding claim is not presented to the carrier. ARTICULO 815. Flete a cobrar. If the porter obliges with the sender to collect the value of the things transported when making his delivery, he will be responsible for this, if he does not make such a payment and will not be able to demand the payment of what is owed to him for the transport. ARTICULO 816. Absencia de consignatario. If the porter does not find the consignee in the place indicated, the deposit of merchandise will be disposed of by the local judge, at the disposal of the shipper or sender. If the consignee refuses to receive the merchandise transported, he will proceed in the form indicated, depositing them in favor of the consignee. Machine Translated by Google Las diligencias se tramitarán en la vía voluntaria, observando el proceduridad de consignación y, antes de ordenarse la entrega de las masmas a quien correspondante, éste debora cover los costos de transporte, empañaje y accesorios y el valor de las mercaderías, por su orden. If the goods are subject to easy decomposition or there is a danger that the thing will perish, it will be processed according to the dispositions relative to the sale of goods in deposit and the price that is obtained will be paid in preference to the expenses mentioned in the previous paragraph. ARTICULO 817. Responsabilidad del porteador. The porter will be responsible for the total or partial loss of the transported effects and the damages suffered by breakdown or delay, unless he proves that they were due to a defect of his own, a su especial naturaleza, a caso fortuito, force majeure oa hecho o instrucciones del cargador o consignatario. Such damages will be calculated in accordance with the price that they would have had the things in the place and time in which they had to be delivered. ARTICULO 818. Tarifa diferida. The carriers may conventionally exonerate themselves from the responsibility for delay, or limit it both for this case and for the loss, only through tariffs in which a lower freight rate is set than in ordinary ones, and always that the shipper is in a position to opt between the application of this reduced rate and the general one, according to which the porter will respond in the terms of the previous article. ARTICULO 819. Declaración defectuosa. If the sender delivers for transport, effects that cause a higher freight than that corresponding to the declared merchandise, the porter is only responsible for the value of the declared effects, from which he will deduct ten percent (10%) if the shipper had processed mala fe. In the event that the sender had declared effects of value superior to those actually shipped, the porter will only respond to the value of these, with a deduction of ten percent (10%) if the shipper had acted in bad faith. ARTICULO 820. Falta de responsabilidad. It is assumed that the carrier is not responsible for the loss or damage of the transported effects, when they are due to any of the following causes: 1º. Que las cosas se transporten, con la con la conforma del remitente given por escrito, en vehicules descubiertos, siempre que por la naturela de aquellas de bierse haberse transportado en vehicules cerrados o cubiertos. 2º. In case of transport of explosives, inflammable or corrosive substances and other articles of dangerous nature. 3º. If the things are transported under the care of persons appointed by the sender with such purpose. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 821. Carros completos. When the sender loads the car or compartment, he will have the following rights: 1º. Sellarlos por sí mismo, o hacer que se sellen por la empresa. 2º. Break the seals in the presence of a person authorized to receive the charge and of an employee authorized by the company. The company will have the right to obtain, before the rupture, a written certificate of the state of the stamps. When, to comply with fiscal or health provisions, the car or compartment is opened before arriving at its destination, will the respective employee examine the seals before they are broken and take account of their state and number? then he will issue a document in which he will confirm the rights and the number of the new stamps. In the different cases of this article, the porter will only be responsible for the integrity of the car or compartment and the seals, unless the damages suffered are due to fortuitous or force majeure. ARTICULO 822. Presumption of loss. It will be assumed that the cargo that the transporter cannot deliver within the thirty days following the conclusion of the period in which it must be done will be lost. If the porter is found later, he will give notice to whoever has the right to receive it so that, in a term of eight days, he declares that he is willing to deliver it, without additional costs, to the point of departure or destination. In case affirmative, if the porter had covered the indemnification, it will be returned to him upon delivery of the cargo. ARTICULO 823. Mermas. The carrier will not respond to natural losses or damages. *CHAPTER VII CONTRACTS DE EDICION, REPRODUCCION Y EJECUCION DE OBRAS SECCION PRIMERA DEL CONTRATO DE EDICION * Derogated by Article 138 of the Copyright Law and Related Rights Decree Number 33-98 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 824. * DEROGADO * * Derogated by Article 138 of Decree Number 33-98 Derogated by Article 138 of the Copyright Law and Related Rights Decree Number 33-98 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 825. * DEROGADO Machine Translated by Google * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98[v] on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 826. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98[v] on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 827. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 828. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 829. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 830. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 831. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 832. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 833. * DEROGADO *Repealed by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 834. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 835. * DEROGADO * Reformed by Article 138 of the Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 836. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 837. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 838. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 839. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 840. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 841. * DEROGADO * Reformed by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 842. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 843. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 844. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 845. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 846. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 847. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 848. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 849. * DEROGADO Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 850. * DEROGADO Machine Translated by Google * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 851. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. SECCION SEGUNDA DE LOS CONTRATOS DE DIFUSION Y REPRESENTACION ESCENICA * Derogated by Article 138 of the Law of Copyright and Related Rights Decree Number 33-98 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala. ARTICLE 852. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 853. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 854. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 855. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 856. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 857. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 858. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 859. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. ARTICLE 860. * DEROGADO * Derogated by Article 138 of Congressional Decree Number 33-98 on 06-21-1998. CAPITULO PARTICIPATION CONTRACT ARTICULO 861. Contract of participation. By the participation contract, a trader who is called a manager is obliged to share with one or several persons called participants, who provide goods or services, the profits or losses resulting from one or several operations of their company or the total turnover of la misma. ARTICULO 862. No constitutive persona jurídica. El contrato de participación, no estará sujeto alguna formalidad ni a registra? no dará nacimiento a una persona jurídica y, por consequente ninguna razón social o denominación podrá usarse en relación con él. The use of a commercial name that includes names and surnames, or only the names of participants, will respond to those who consented to it as if they were joint partners. ARTICULO 863. Gestión Propia. The manager will work in his own name and there will be no legal relationship between third parties and participants. ARTICULO 864. Utilidades y pérdidas. Para la distribución de las utilitas y de las pérdidas se observára lo dispositivo en el article 33 de este Código. Las pérdidas que correspondan a los participantes no podrán ser superiores al valor de su aportación, salvo pacto en contrario. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 865. Disposiciones supletorias. En lo no previsto en el contrato, se aplicarán las reglas sobre información, derecho de intervention de los partners que sean administrativos, rendición cuentas y disolución, que sean aplicables a la sociedad colectiveva. CHAPTER IX DEL CONTRATO DE HOSPEDAJE ARTICULO 866. Contrato de hospedaje. Por el contrato de hospedaje, una persona se obligato dar albergue a otra via la retribution convenida, comprendiendo o no la alimentación. El contrato de hospedaje se regirá, en defecto de dispositivos legales o pactos, por los preceptos que hubiere approbado la autoridad competente y por los del regulamento interior del establishment. For the regulations to be considered applicable, the hotelier must keep them posted in a visible place in the establishment, as well as placing in each room an extract of what is relevant. ARTICULO 867. Responsabilidad del hotelero. Los hoteleros a quienes fuere imputable culpa o negligencia, resarcirán los damages que sufran los huéspedes, en sus personas o bienes que, conforme a los regulamentos respectiveos, hubieren introducido en sus alojamientos. If the damages are caused without the fault or negligence of the hotelier, their responsibility will be limited to an amount equal to the amount of one month of accommodation, for the losses or damages suffered by the goods of the guests who are found in the premises of the negotiation, y hasta por una cantidad igual al importe del lojamento durante un año, por los daños que sufran los propios huéspedes encontrando en él. ARTICULO 868. Objetos de valor. The guests will have the right to deliver to the hoteliers, money and valuable objects, for their safekeeping and deposit concept. The hotelier can refuse to receive them, when they are of excessive value in relation to the importance of the establishment or of a volume disproportionate to the capacity of the premises. The depositary will send the client a detailed record of the things he receives. The responsibility of the hotelier will be that of the depositary. ARTICULO 869. Exención de responsabilidad. Machine Translated by Google The hotelier will not exempt himself from the responsibilities imposed by the preceding articles, even if, through his regulations, notices or posters, he announces that he does not respond to the effects introduced in the establishment, except that said exemption results from an agreement contrary to the huésped. ARTICULO 870. Retention of equipment. The equipment and effects of the guest respond preferentially to the hotelier for the import of the stay and that effect may be retained by this while the guest does not pay what he owes. ARTICULO 871. Extinction. The accommodation contract ends: 1º. Por el transcurso del plazo convenido. In default of agreement, the guest can cancel the contract before fifteen hours of the day of his departure. 2º. Por violation de los pactos y regulamentos que lo regulen. 3º. Por cometer el huésped falta a la morale o hacer escándalos que perturben a los demás huéspedes. 4º. Por ausencia del huésped por más de seventy y dos horas sin dejar aviso o warninga. 5º. Por falta de pago en la forma convenida. 6º. Por las demás causas que se convengan. ARTICULO 872. Extraction of equipment. Once the accommodation contract has been completed, the hotelier may extract the guest's rooms, equipment and personal effects, through an inventory that he will formulate with the intervention of at least two witnesses, who are not dependent on him. The trunks, suitcases and other objects that are found closed will be preserved in this state, and they will be sealed by the witnesses. If treinta días después, the guest does not liquidate his account, the hotelier will be able to sell the goods, via Notary. Of the price obtained, the expenses of the sale will be covered, a quantity equal to the amount of your account will be delivered to the hotel and the balance will be deposited in a bank institution. After five years without the guest claiming the deposited balance, it will be made available to the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. ARTICULO 873. Desocupun immediata. If the accommodation contract has been terminated, for any reason, the guest refuses to vacate the room, or to retire from the establishment, the hotelier may request the immediate assistance of the authority, to obtain the vacation of the room without any other procedure. Machine Translated by Google CHAPTER X DEL CONTRATO DE SECURO SECCION PRIMERA GENERAL DISPOSITIONS SUBSECCION PRIMERA OF THE CELEBRATION OF THE CONTRACT ARTICLE 874. Contract of insurance. Por el contrato seguro, el insurador se obligato resarcir un damage oa pagar una suma de dinero when realizing the eventuality foreseen in el contrato, y el asegurado o tomador del seguro, se obliga pagar la premium corresponsible. ARTICULO 875. Definitions. Para los efectos de este Código se considera: 1º. Asegurador: a la sociedad mercantil authorized legally to operate insurances, which assumes the risks specified in the insurance contract. 2º. Applicant: to the person who contracts the insurance, por cuenta propia or por la de un tercero determinado or determinable y que traslada los riesgos al insugurador. 3º. Insured: the person interested in the transfer of risks. 4º. Beneficiary: the person who has to perceive, in the event of an accident, the product of the insurance. 5º. Prima: la retribution o price del seguro. 6º. Risk: the eventuality of any fortuitous event that may cause the loss foreseen in the policy. 7º. Sinister: the occurrence of the insured risk. Una misma persona puede reunir las qualidates de requestante, asegurado y beneficiario. Los hechos ciertos, o los physically impossible, no constituento riesgo y no pueden ser objeto del contrato seguro, salvo la muerte. ARTICULO 876. Carácter imperativo. Todas las dispositions de este chapítulo will have an imperative character in favor of the insured, a no ser que admitan expresamente pacto en contrario. ARTICULO 877. Insurers. Sólo las sociedades mercantiles que hayan obtenido la authorization respective, podran actuar como aseguradores. Machine Translated by Google Quien, sin estar duly authorized, asumiere de hecho la funcion de asegurador, debora devolver las primas que hubiere percivido y resarcir los daños y perjuicios que hubiere ocasionalado a su contraparte. ARTICULO 878. Cuando obliga la solicitud. The solicitation to celebrate an insurance contract will only oblige a person who has it, if it contains the general conditions of the contract. ARTICULO 879. Acceptance of extensions. Requests to extend or modify an insurance contract or restore a suspended one will be considered accepted, if the insurer does not reject them within the fifteen days following receipt of the request. This precept is not applicable to requests to increase the sum insured, and in any case to personal insurance. ARTICULO 880. Declaration. The applicant will be obliged to declare in writing to the insurer, in accordance with the respective questionnaire, all the facts that are important to the risk assessment, as they may influence the celebration of the contract, such as he knows or should know at the moment de formular la solicitud. ARTICULO 881. Declaración de representative. If the contract is solicited by a representative or by someone acting in the interest of a third party, the important facts that are or must be known by the applicant must be declared, as well as those that are or must be known by the applicant, by whom cuenta se contrata ARTICULO 882. Perfection of the contract. The insurance contract is perfected from the moment the insured or contractor receives the acceptance of the insurer, without its validity being subject to the payment of the initial premium or the delivery of the policy or an equivalent document. ARTICLE 883. Seguro por cuenta de otro. El seguro puede contratrarse por cuenta de otro, con designación de la persona del tercero insurado or sin ella. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 884. Ratification. If the applicant contracts the insurance in another name, without having the power to do so, the insurance obliges the insurer and the insured can ratify the contract even on a date subsequent to the incident. The derechos derived from the contract correspond to the insured and the requester, aun cuando esté in possession of the policy, no puede make them valid without the consent of the insured. ARTICULO 885. El seguro no es lucrativo. Respect to the insured, damage insurances are contracts of simple indemnification and in no case can they constitute sources of enrichment. ARTICULO 886. Cobertura. The insurer can take sobre sí todos or algunos de los riesgos to which the insured thing is exposed. No estando expresamente limitado el seguro a determinadas riesgos, el insurador respondse de todos, salvo las excepciones legales. SUBSECCION SEGUNDA DE LA POLIZA ARTICULO 887. Content. The insurer will be obliged to deliver to the insured a policy that must contain: 1º. El lugar y fecha en que se emita. 2º. Los nombres y domicilio del asegurador y asegurado y la expression, en su caso, de que el seguro se contrata por cuenta de tercero. 3º. The designation of the person or thing insured. 4º. La naturaleza de los riesgos covered. 5º. El plazo de vigencia del contrato, con indicación del momento en que se se inicia y de aquel en que termina. 6º. The sum insured. 7º. La prima o cuota del seguro y su forma de pago. 8º. The general conditions and other clauses stipulated between the parties. 9º. The firm of the insurer, which can be autographed or replaced by its impression or reproduction. The annexes and endorsements must indicate the precise identity of the policy to which they correspond and the renovations, as well as the period of extension of the validity of the original contract. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 888. Prueba del contrato de seguro. In the absence of a policy, the insurance contract will be proved by the confession of the insurer, by having accepted the proposition of the insured, or by any other means, if there is a principle of proof by writing. ARTICULO 889. Classes de seguro. Las pólizas de seguro de cosas potón ser nominativas, a la orden o al portador? las de seguro de personas sólo potran ser nominativas. The assignment of the nominative policy, in no case produces effect without the prior acceptance of the insurer. The insurer will be able to oppose the policy holder or the third party beneficiaries, todas las excepciones que tenga contra el tomador del seguro, sin prejuicio de invocar las que tenga contra el complanate. ARTICULO 890. Extravío o destrucción de la poliza. En caso de que se misviare o destruyere una policy a la order o al portador, quien se considere con derecho al seguro podrá pedir, que su costa, el asegurador o el Juez del domicilio, si aquél se se gase, publique un aviso en el Diario Oficial y en otro de los de los major circulación en el país, mediaente el cual se haga saber que la poliza cuyas caracteristics descriptirán de modo de individualizarla dutifully, quedará sin valorguno thirty days después de publication, si nodie opisiere a ello . After the time mentioned without opposition, the insurer must fulfill its obligations with respect to the person who justifies his right, even if he does not display the policy. ARTICULO 891. Reposición. If the lost or destroyed policy is nominative, the insurer, at the solicitation and cost of the insured, will issue a duplicate that will have the same probative value as the original. SUBSECCION TERCERA DE LAS OBLIGACIONES DE LAS PARTES ARTICULO 892. Pago de la prima. The first must be paid at the moment of the celebration of the contract, por lo que se refere to the Primer period of the insurance, unless otherwise agreed. Will it be understood by the period of insurance the lapso por el resulta calculada la unidad de prima? en caso de duda, se entenderá que es de un año. Las primas ulteriores will be paid at the beginning of each period. ARTICULO 893. Prima convenida. Machine Translated by Google The first agreement for the current period will be owed in its entirety, even if the insurer does not cover the risk until part of that time. ARTICULO 894. Essential aggravations. The insured must communicate to the insurer the essential aggravations that the risk has during the course of the insurance, on the following day, the person who knows them. Al efecto, it will be presumed: 1º. That the aggravation is essential if it refers to an important event for the appreciation of the risk, such that the insurer would have contracted in diverse conditions, if the contract had been celebrated, a similar circumstance would have been known. 2º. Que el insured conoce toda agravación que emane de actos u omisiones de su cónyuge o descendientes que vivan con él. ARTICULO 895. Atenuación del riesgo. The type of premium that imposes on the insurance contractor the duty to take determined precautions to mitigate the risk, or prevent its aggravation, will not be able to result in the termination of the insurer's obligations, unless the insured's non-compliance has influido en la realization del siniestro o hubiera agravado sus consecuencias. ARTICULO 896. Aviso de sinistero. As soon as the insured or, in his case, the beneficiary, tuvieren conocimiento de la realization del iniestro, they must communicate it to the insurer. Unless otherwise expressly agreed, the notice shall be given by writing and within a period of five days. Este plazo no correrá sino contra de quienes tuvieran conocimiento del derecho constituido a su favor. ARTICULO 897. Informaciones. The insurer will have the right to demand from the insured or the beneficiary, toda clase de informaciones sobre los fecos relacionados con el iniestro, por los cuales puedan determinarse las circunstances de su realization y sus consecuencias. ARTICULO 898. Comprensión del riesgo. The insurer will respond to all events that present the character of the risk whose consequences have been insured, except for those that would have been clearly excluded by the contract. ARTICLE 899. Modification of conditions. Machine Translated by Google If during the validity of the insurance the general conditions of the contracts of the same gender are modified, for the benefit of the insured and without this implying higher compensation for them, the new conditions will apply to the contracts in force. Si las nuevas condiciones exigieren de los insurantes contraprestaciones greater than those originally agreed, se aplicarán a los contratos en force, previa solicitud del insurado, quien terrá la obligación de pagar la diferencia de prima corresponsible. ARTICULO 900. Reducción de prima. The insured will give notice to the insurer, when the circumstances in which the premium was set disappear or lose their importance, and the insurer must reduce it according to the respective rate, if so agreed in the contract, and will return the part corresponding to the period in course. ARTICULO 901. Exigibilidad del pago. In the cases not foreseen in the Law of Insurance or the legal disposition en contrario, the payment of the indemnification that results from the insurance contract, will be required thirty days after the date on which the insurer has received the documents and information that allow knowing the fundamento y la cuantía de la reclamation. The clause en la que se pacte que la indemnización no podrá exigirse will be void, sino después de haber sido recognized by the insurer or proven in court. ARTICULO 902. Compensation. The insurer will be able to compensate the premiums and loans on the policies owed to it by the insured, with the provision due to the beneficiary, unless otherwise agreed, it will not be able to compensate with any credit owed to them. ARTICULO 903. Responsabilidad del siniestro. The insurer will respond to the accident even though it has been caused by the fault of the insured or the persons with respect to which he responds civilly, and the clause that releases him in cases of serious fault of that person will only be valid. The insurer will not be obliged to mediate the express agreement if the claim is caused by bad faith by the insured, the beneficiary or his causahabientes. ARTICULO 904. Solidaridad humana. If the accident occurs as a result of a duty of human solidarity, the insurer will fully respond. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 905. Change of address. Each party must notify the other of their address changes. Todos los extrajudicial requirements and communications addressed to the last address of which one party informed the other will produce their effects, even if they are not addressed to the person to whom they are directed. SUBSECCION CUARTA DE LA NULIDAD, RESCISION Y REDUCCION DEL SEGURO ARTICULO 906. Disappearance of risk. The insurance contract will be null and void if at the time of its celebration the risk has disappeared or the accident has occurred, except for an express agreement based on the fact that both parties consider that the insured item is still exposed to the risk provided for in the contract. In this case, the insurer who knows the cessation or non-existence of the risk, will not have the right to premiums or reimbursement of costs? the insured who knows that the accident has occurred will not have the right to indemnification or restitution of premiums. The pact to give retroactive effect to the insurance, knowing both parties that they cover a period during which the person or thing insured has been exposed to the risk without having realized the accident, is only valid if the reference period is less than a year. ARTICULO 907. Termination anticipada. En los seguros de personas es nulla la clause que culta al asgurador para dar por terminado anticipadamente el contrato. En los seguros de transporte por viaje, once this has been initiated, none of the parties can cancel it. In all other cases, regardless of the term of the contract, both the insured and the insurer may terminate the contract in advance without cause, with fifteen days of prior notice given to the counterparty. The premium not devengada will be returned to the insured in accordance with the respective tariffs. ARTICULO 908. Terminación por declaración inexacta. The omission or inaccurate statement of the facts referred to in articles 880 and 881 of this Code entitles the insurer to terminate the insurance contract. The insurer, dentro del mes siguiente a aquel en que conozca la misisión or inexacta declaración, notificará al insuredar que da por terminado el contrato? transcurrido este plazo sin que se haga tal notification, the insurer will lose the right to invoke it. Is the insurer entitled, as compensation, to the premiums corresponding to the current insurance period? pero si da por terminado el seguro antes de que haya comenzado correr el risego, su derecho will be reduced to the reimbursement of the expenses effected. ARTICULO 909. Declaración de buena fe. Machine Translated by Google If the accident occurs before the insurer has made the notification provided in the previous article, and the insured has acted without bad faith or serious fault, the insured sum will be reduced, if the risk is insurable, to the one that would have been obtained con la prima pagada de no haber habido omisión o declaración inexacta. En caso de que el riesgo no fuere insurable, the insurer will be released from the payment of the incident. If the insured work of bad faith or with grave fault, podrá darse por terminado el contrato, aunque la circunstancia omitted or inexactamente declarada no haya influido en la realization del siniestro. ARTICULO 910. No procede la terminationación. Despite the omission or inaccurate statement of facts, the insurer will not be able to terminate the contract in the following cases: 1º. Si provocó la omisión o inexacta declaración. 2º. Si conocía o debá conocer el hecho que ha sido declarado o que lo fue inexactamente. 3º. Si reunció a impugnar el contrato por esta causa. 4º. If the omission consists of leaving to contest some of the questions of the insurer, except in accordance with the indications of the questionnaire, and the responses of the applicant, said question must be considered contested in a determined sense, which does not correspond to the truth. ARTICULO 911. Declaración parcial. If the insurance contract includes various things or various persons, or protects against various risks, and the omission or inaccurate declaration only refers to some of them or others, the insurance will be valid for others, unless the insurer proves that no los habría asegurado separadamente. ARTICULO 912. Notice of aggravation. Si no se diere aviso de la agravación, the insured sum will be reduced in the manner established in article 909 of this Code. ARTICULO 913. Partial aggravation. If the contract includes various things or persons or protects against various risks and the aggravation only produces effects with respect to some of them, the insurance will remain in force for others, unless the insurer demonstrates that it would not have separately insured such risks, persons o cosas. ARTICULO 914. Omision de aviso. If the insured or the beneficiary does not comply with the obligations to give notice of the accident in the terms of article 896 of this Code, the insurer may reduce the payment due to the amount that would have corresponded if the notice had been given opportunely. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 915. Extinction of responsibility. The insurer will be released from its obligations: 1º. Si se omite el aviso del siniestro con la intention de imprider que se comprueben opportunamente sus circunstancias. 2º. Si con el fin de hacerle incurrir en error se dissimulan o declaran inexactamente hechos referentes al siniestro que pudieren excluir o restringir sus obligaciones. 3º. If, con igual purpose, no se le remite con oportunidad la documentation referente al siniestro or la prueba de pérdida. SUBSECCION QUINTA DE LA PRESCRIPTION ARTICULO 916. Prescription period. All actions that derive from an insurance contract will be prescribed in two years, counted from the date of the event that originated them. ARTICULO 917. Place for beneficiaries. If the beneficiary does not have knowledge of his right, the prescription will expire over the course of five years counted from the moment when the insurer's obligations were exigible. ARTICULO 918. Interruption of prescription. In addition to the ordinary cases of interruption of the prescription, it is interrupted by the appointment of experts with the reason of the occurrence of the accident, by the claim presented to the insurer directly by means of the competent administrative or judicial authority and if it is the action for el pago de la prima, por requerimiento mediate simple carta directedat al último domicilio known by the insurer. SECCION SEGUNDA DEL SEGURO CONTRA DAÑOS SUBSECCION PRIMERA PRELIMINARY DISPOSITIONS ARTICULO 919. Insurable interests. Any economic interest that a person has in the event of an accident can be protected by means of an insurance contract against damages. Machine Translated by Google If a third party's interest is secured, will the contract be considered also in the owner's interest? but this will not be able to benefit from the insurance unless the contractor's interest has been covered and the proportional part of the premiums paid has been returned. ARTICULO 920. Provechos esperados. It is legal to secure expected profits within the limits of a legitimate interest. ARTICULO 921. Rendimientos probables. In the insurance on probable returns, the value of the interest will be that of the return that was obtained if the accident did not occur. To determine the indemnifiable value, they will deduct the costs that have not been caused to date, nor should they be caused by having the incident occurred. ARTICULO 922. Límite de responsabilidad. The insured sum will indicate the limit of the insurer's responsibility, if said sum is not superior to the real value of the things insured. The insured sum does not prove the value or the existence of the things insured. If an insurance is held for a sum higher than the real value of the thing insured, without mediare dolo or bad faith on the part of any of the parties, the contract will be valid until it equals the mentioned real value, and the sum insured can be reduced on request de cualquiera de ellas The insurer must reimburse the insured the excess of the premium paid in respect of the one that corresponds to the real value, for the period of the insurance that remains to elapse from the moment it receives the corresponding request from the insured. ARTICULO 923. Various insurances. If you contract with several insurers an insurance against the same risk and for the same interest, the insured must inform each of the insurers of the existence of other insurances within the five days following the celebration of each contract. The notice will be given in writing, and will indicate the number of insurers and the sums insured. ARTICULO 924. Responsabilidad. If the amount of various insurances contracted in good faith exceeds the amount of interest insured, each one of the insurers will respond in the terms of their respective contract, hasta completar el importo íntegro del damage. ARTICULO 925. Reparto proportional. The insurer who pays in the case of the previous article, will be able to repeat it against all others, in proportion to the amount respectively insured. Machine Translated by Google If some of the insurances are governed by foreign law, the insurer that can invoke it will not have a repeat action, if it does not prove that its own law establishes the distribution system. ARTICULO 926. Enajenación de objeto asegurado. El que enajena un objeto insurado, debeda dar al insurador aviso de la enajenación dentro de los quince días siguientes a ella? en el mismo acto de la enajenación, debe hacerse saber al acquirente la existencia del seguro. Los derechos y obligaciones que deriven del contrato, pasarán al aquirente, excepto si in los quince días siguientes a la acquisición, manifiesta su voluntad de no continuar el seguro. Por las primas vencidas y pendientes de pago en el momento de la ajenación, they will be solidarily bound, the previous owner and the acquirer, y éste con derecho to repeat against the enajenante si no le dio aviso de la existencia del seguro. En tal caso, el enajenante también estará obligado al pago de las primas ulteriores. ARTICULO 927. Pólizas a la orden. El article precedente no será aplicable a las pólizas a la orden? pero su titular no podrá exercer los derechos que le correspondingan, sin haber cuvierto previdante las primas que resultaren adeudadas en los terminos de la póliza. ARTICULO 928. Creditors privilegiados. Creditors who have a lien, mortgage or any other privilege on the insured item will have the right, if the liens appear in the policy or have been put to the knowledge of the insurer, to which the insurer communicates any resolution aimed at modifying, rescinding or terminating the contrato, a fin de que puedan ejercitar los derechos del insurado. ARTICULO 929. Collaboration of the insured. Al ocurrir el siniestro, el insurado debe executor todos los actos que tiendan a evitar o diminuir el daño. Will the costs be covered by the insurer, without the corresponding indemnification being deducted? pero si la suma insured fuere inferior al valor del objeto insured, se suparán proportionalmente between the insurer and the insured. ARTICLE 930. Consent of the insurer. After the accident, the insured will only be able to vary the state of affairs with the consent of the insurer, unless for reasons of public interest or to avoid or diminish the damage. ARTICULO 931. Seguro de cosas genericas. Machine Translated by Google If the insured thing has been designated only by its gender, all those of the same gender that exist at the time of the accident in the power of the insured, in the places or vehicles to which the insurance refers, will be considered insured. ARTICULO 932. Riesgos excludidos. Unless otherwise agreed, the insurer will not be liable for losses and damages caused by a defect of the property, earthquake or hurricane, foreign or civil war, or by persons who take part in strikes, riots or popular unrest and other risks that require payment de prima especial. ARTICULO 933. Amount of compensation. To determine the compensation to be paid by the insurer, the value of the insured interest at the time of the incident will be taken into account, for which the insured must individualize and justify the existence and value of the insured items at the time of the incident . When the insured interest consists in that a thing is not destroyed or deteriorated, it will be presumed that such interest is equivalent to what the owner would have in the conservation of the thing. Unless otherwise agreed, if the sum insured is lower than the interest insured, the insurer will be obliged to pay a sum that is in the same relationship, with respect to the amount of the damage caused, as the one that exists between the insured value and the full value of interest insurable. ARTICULO 934. Valor de las cosas aseguradas. Para los efectos del resarcimiento del damage, las partes podran fijar, mediate pacto expresso, el valor de las cosas insuradas? but if the insurer will prove that at the moment of the accident the said value exceeds more than twenty percent (20%) of the real value of the insured object, it will only be bound to the limit of this. ARTICULO 935. Reparación del damage. The insurer will have the right to comply with its obligation to indemnify, through effective payment or replacement or repair of the insured item at its discretion. ARTICULO 936. Cosas gravadas. If the things insured are burdened with mortgage, loan or other privilege, the corresponding creditors will subrogarán de pleno derecho de la indemnización, hasta el importe del crédit privilegiado. Sin embargo, el pago hecho a otra persona, será válido si se realiza sin oposición de los creedores, y en la póliza no aparece mentionado la hipoteca, prenda o privilegio, ni estos gravámenes han sido comunicado al assurador. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 937. Subrogation. The insurer that pays the indemnification will subrogará until the limit of the amount paid, in all rights and actions that due to the damage suffered correspond to the insured, except in the case that, sin haber sido intentional el insiestro, the obligato al sarcimiento fuese el cónyuge, un ascendiente or un descendiente del asegurado. If the damage was indemnified only in part, the insurer will be able to make its rights valid in the corresponding proportion. ARTICULO 938. Other damage insurance. The provisions that contain this section, are applicable to all damage insurances even when they are not regulated in the same way, and they are not opposed to their nature. Likewise, it may be used as an objeto de seguro, cualquier otra clase de riesgos que provengan de casos fortuitos o accidentes, siempre que las pólizas se acuerdo con las dispositivos de este capítulo, en lo que veren aplicables. SUBSECCION SEGUNDA DE LA NULIDAD, RESCISION Y REDUCCION DEL SEGURO CONTRA DAÑOS ARTICULO 939. Valor real increased. If an insurance contract is held for a sum higher than the real value of the thing insured, with fraud or bad faith on the part of one of the parties, the other party may demand or oppose the nullity of the contract and demand compensation for damages and losses que haya sufrido ARTICULO 940. Seguros anteriores. Whoever celebrates an insurance contract without knowing that there are previous insurances, he will have the right to cancel or reduce the new ones, as long as he does so within the fifteen days following the date on which he had knowledge of the first ones. The first one will cease to cause, or in its case, it will be reduced five days after the insured has declared to the insurer to make use of the right of rescission or reduction. ARTICULO 941. Provecho ilícito. If the insured intentionally omits to give the notice of the other insurance contracts that prevents article 923 of this Code, or if they contract to obtain an illegal profit, the insurers will be released from their obligations. ARTICULO 942. Disappearance of risk. If after the conclusion of the insurance contract, the insured thing appears to be due to extraneous risk, or it ceases to exist, the contract will be resolved de pleno derecho, y salvo pacto en contrario, la prima se Machine Translated by Google it must be paid only for the period in which the insurance was in force, according to the tariff that should have been applied in the case of contracting the insurance for that period. En caso de los efectos del seguro would have been due to begin in a moment after the celebration of the contract, and the risk disappeared in the interval, the insurer will only be able to require the reimbursement of expenses. ARTICULO 943. Siniestro parcial. In the case of a partial accident, the insurer will be liable in the future, only for the amount in which it exceeds the insured sum of the indemnification paid, unless the automatic rehabilitation has been agreed. ARTICLE 944. Reduction of compensation. If the insured fails to comply with the obligation to avoid or diminish the damage or to conserve the state of affairs, the insurer shall have the right to reduce the indemnification to the amount that would have risen if said authorization had been fulfilled. The insurer will be exonerated from any obligation if the violation is committed with fraudulent purposes. ARTICULO 945. Diminución de valor. If the value of the insured object suffers a substantial decrease during the validity of the contract, any of the contractors will have the right to reduce the sum insured and, proportionately, the premium, upon request by the other party. ARTICULO 946 liberación parcial. The insurer will be freed from its obligations, to the extent that by acts or omissions of the insured it is prevented from subrogating the rights that it would have to demand compensation for damage. SUBSECCION TERCERA DEL SEGURO CONTRA INCENDIO ARTICULO 947. Extensión de responsabilidad. In fire insurance, the insurer will not only be responsible for material damage caused by a fire or the beginning of a fire, for the objects included in the insurance, but also for rescue measures and for the disappearance of the insured objects that occur during the incendio, a no ser que demuestre que se deriva de hurto o de robo. ARTICULO 948. Damages by heat. The insurer will not respond to losses or damages caused by the sole action of heat or direct or immediate contact of fire, or of an incandescent substance, if there is no fire or the beginning of fire, that is, flames or combustion. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 949. Value indemnifiable. En el seguro contra incendio shall be understood as an indemnifiable value: 1º. Para las mercaderias, productos naturales y semovientes, el price de mercado el día del siniestro. 2º. Para los edificios, el valor de reconstrucción del que se ducirá el demérito que hubieren sufrido antes de ocurrir el iniestro. 3º. Para los muebles, objetos de uso, instrumentos de trabajo, maquinaria y equipo, el valor de acquisición de objetos nuevos, con una equitativa deducción por el demérito que pudieren haber sufrido antes ocurrir el iniestro. SUBSECCION CUARTA DEL SEGURO DEL TRANSPORTE ARTICULO 950. Seguro de transporte. Por este contrato, todos los medios empleados para el transporta y los efectos transportables, podran ser aseguras contra los riesgos proientientes de la transportación. ARTICULO 951. Vicio propio y mermas. Unless otherwise agreed, the insurers will not be responsible for the damage or loss that occurs to the things insured for their own vice, loss, damage, spillages or expenses caused by it. Sin embargo, if an accident covered by the policy occurs, the insurers will respond to the loss, even if it is also due to the aforementioned causes, unless the contrary has been stipulated. ARTICULO 952. Vigencia. The validity of the insurance on merchandise will begin at the moment the merchandise is delivered to the carrier, and will cease at the moment it is made available to the consignee at the location of the destination. ARTICULO 953. Agravaciones y enajenaciones. In transport insurance, the insured will not have the duty to communicate the aggravations of the risk nor to notify the alienation of the insured item. ARTICULO 954. Gastos de Salvamento. Machine Translated by Google En el seguro de transporte se entenderán inclidos los expenses necesarios para el salvamento de los objetos insurados. ARTICULO 955. Disappearance of risk. En el seguro de transportes no será aplicable el article 906 de este Código, salvo que al celebración el contrato, las parties hubieren tenido del arribo, avería o pérdida de los objetos insured. It is presumed conocida la noticia, salvo pacto en contrario, si tal noticia hubiere llegado al lugar del domicilio del interesado. If the insured knew the news, will the insurer preserve the original right? si fuese el insurador quien la nociere, además de restitur la premium, deba pagar al insurado los interes legales, sin prejuicio de la responsabilidad de la personas que actuaron en su represención. ARTICULO 956. Accidente. Unless otherwise agreed, in the insurance of transport means, any accident that will be suffered by these, will result in the responsibility of the insurer for all the damages suffered by the things insured. ARTICULO 957. Partes integrantes o accesorias. El seguro sobre medios de transporte, comprenderá, save stipulation contraria, las partes integrantes y los accesorios. ARTICULO 958. Siniestros no cubiertos. Mercaderías transport insurance will not cover accidents occurring before the celebration of the insurance contract. ARTICULO 959. Póliza de declaraciones periodicas. The involuntary omission of a declaration in a policy of periodic declarations will not release the insurer from the coverage of the omitted part, as long as the policy covers all similar shipments made by the insured. The insured must return the omitted declaration. ARTICULO 960. Mechanical damage. The transport media insurer will not be responsible for the mechanical damages suffered by the navigation instruments, motors, or other mechanisms, if these damages are not produced directly by an accident covered by the insurance. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 961. Responsabilidad por vicios ocultos. The transport insurer will, except in the express provision of the policy, be liable for damages or losses caused by hidden defects of the thing, unless it can be proven that the insured was aware of such defects or could have known them if he had acted with normal diligence. ARTICULO 962. Cambio de ruta. If the accident is due to a change of route or travel, the insurer of media of transport, cargo and other interests will only respond if the change was forced or made to assist vehicles, ships or persons in danger. ARTICULO 963. Change of means of transport. The change of the designated means of transport or the error in its designation, will not invalidate the insurance contract? pero si agravaren el riesgo, el assurador will have the right to collect the difference from the corresponding premium. ARTICULO 964. Avería gruesa. Unless otherwise agreed in the policy, the insurer will be responsible for the sums with which the beneficiary must contribute to gross damage. ARTICULO 965. Medio de transporte en reposo. While the means of transport is at rest, the insurer will only be responsible for the risk of fire. ARTICULO 966. Responsabilidad del beneficiario. The insurer will be responsible, unless otherwise agreed, up to the amount of the insured amount of the amounts owed by the beneficiary to third parties for damage caused by the means of transport. The beneficiary must notify the insurance company of the existence of the corresponding judgment tan pronto tenga conocimiento de él y podra oponer las excepciones que competan al insurado. ARTICULO 967. Medio de transporte en viaje. If the insurance expires while the means of transport is on the trip, it will be fully extended until the twenty- fourth hour of the day when the means of transport reaches its final destination. The insured must pay the corresponding first supplement. ARTICULO 968. Vigencia. Machine Translated by Google En el seguro de medios transporte por viaje, si en la poliza no se stipuló more extensive validity, it will begin at the moment the load is placed in the place of departure, and if it is not available, from the moment it departs . If within that term the cargo of merchandise for a new trip, in respect of which insurance has been taken, the previous insurance will cease when the new shipment begins. ARTICULO 969. Hora de vigencia. If the safe contract has already started and the trip is not stipulated at the time it will enter into force, it will be understood that it will be effective from the twenty-fourth hour on the day and place where the contract was celebrated. ARTICULO 970. Compensation calculations. In the calculation of compensation for damage to the transport medium, the difference in value between new and used must be established, according to expert estimates. ARTICULO 971. Valor del medio de transporte. Valor del medio transporte el que tenga en el mercado will be considered when contracting the insurance. ARTICULO 972. Abandono. The beneficiary will be able to abandon the insured things to the insurer and demand the total amount of the insurance: 1º. If they lose totally or if the means of transport is presumed lost or it is impossible to move. The means of transport will be presumed lost if thirty days pass after the normal time for arrival, without reaching your destination or not having news from him. 2º. If it is a means of transport, it is impossible to move it due to the damage mentioned in article 956 of this Code, as long as the cost of its repair reaches three quarters of its real value. 3º. Si los damages sufridos por las mercaderías alcanzan las tres cuartes partes de su valor. ARTICULO 973. Declaration of abandonment. The declaration of abandonment must be communicated by writing to the insurer, within the four months that follow the insurance policy. ARTICULO 974. Abandono total. The abandonment must be total and unconditional. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 975. Objeción del abandono. The insurer will lose the right to object to the abandonment if it does not do so within the fifteen days following the day it receives the declaration. ARTICULO 976. Cosas abandonadas. The property of the abandoned things will be transferred to the insurer, if the abandonment remains firm, from the moment the declaration was communicated to him. ARTICULO 977. Abandonment of means of transport. The abandonment of the means of transport, in the terms of the previous articles, will give rise to the payment of insurance on freight. ARTICULO 978. Risk of a solo trip. The insurance of persons who cover exclusively the risk of a trip, will only be valid if the passenger's spouse, his relatives by consanguinity within the fourth degree or by affinity within the second degree, or persons who depend economically on him are designated as beneficiaries. SUBSECCION QUINTA DEL SEGURO AGRICOLA Y GANADERO ARTICULO 979. Aviso de sinistero. En el seguro agrícola y ganadero el aviso del siniestro must be given precisely within the twenty-four hours following its realization. ARTICULO 980. Lack of diligence. The insurer will be released from its obligations, if the accident is due to the fact that the plantations or the livestock were not cared for in the ordinary way. ARTICULO 981. Cobertura. El seguro agrícola puede cubrir los profitses esperados de cultivos ya efectivados o por efecturase, los productos agrículos ya harvestados o both a la vez. In the first case, the policy must contain an indication of the area cultivated or cultivated, the product that will be sown and the approximate harvest date. Machine Translated by Google In the second case, the place where the products are stored. ARTICULO 982. Destrucción parcial. In case of partial destruction of agricultural products, the valuation of the damage will be postponed, at the request of any party, until harvest. ARTICULO 983. Muerte de ganado. The insurer will respond to the death of the livestock, even if it is verified within the next month of the termination date of the annual insurance, as long as the cause is an illness contracted during the period of validity of the contract. ARTICULO 984. Enajenación de ganado. If the insured disposes of one or several head of cattle, the purchaser will not enjoy the benefits of the insurance, which will only be transmitted when the complete herd is disposed of, prior notice to the insurer and acceptance thereof. ARTICULO 985. Valor del daño. In the insurance against the illness or death of the livestock, will it be considered as value of interest in case of death, the sale in the moment prior to the accident? en caso de enfermedad, el del daño que directamente se realice. SUBSECCION SEXT DEL SEGURO CONTRA LA RESPONSABILIDAD CIVIL ARTICULO 986. Seguro contra responsabilidad civil. In the insurance against the civil responsibility, the insurer is obliged to pay the indemnification that the insured owes to third parties as a result of a non-intentional event that causes them a damage foreseen in the insurance contract. The seguro contra la responsabilidad civil attributes the right to compensation directly to the injured third party, who will be considered as the beneficiary from the moment of the accident. ARTICULO 987. Inoponibilidad. No será oponible al asegurador que haya contratado un seguro contra la responsabilidad civil, ningún recognition de adeudo, transacción o cualquier otro jurídico de naturaleza semejante, hecho o concertado sin su consentem. Machine Translated by Google The simple confession of a deed before the authorities will not produce an obligation on the part of the insurer. ARTICULO 988. Costas procesales. The expenses that originate the procedures followed against the insured, will be presumed to be the responsibility of the insurer, provided that he has been notified of the existence of the judgment. ARTICULO 989. Aviso de sinistero. El aviso de realización de siniestro must be given to the occurrence of a hecho that engenders or pueda engenders responsibility. In the event of a civil or criminal trial, the insured will provide the insurer with all the data and evidence necessary for the defense, and if his responsibility is completely covered by the insurance, he will be obliged to follow the insurer's instructions regarding the defense, to constitute como mandatario, con las facultades necesarios para la prosecution del juicio, a la persona que el insurador le signale al efecto por escrito. If the third party is indemnified in todo or in part by the insured, he must be reimbursed proportionally by the insured, provided that he justifies that he was legally obligated to pay. SUBSECCION SEPTIMA DEL SEGURO DE AUTOMOBILES ARTICULO 990. Seguro de automóvil. For this car insurance, the insurer will indemnify the damages caused to the vehicle or the loss of it, the damages and damages caused to the property belonging to third parties, con motivo del uso de aquél, or any other risk covered by the policy. ARTICULO 991. Damage to the vehicle. Salvo pacto en contrario, el seguro de daños del automóvil asegurado, comprende los occasionados por vuelcos accidentales, collisiones, incendio, autoignición, rayo y total robo del propio vehicule. ARTICULO 992. Damages to old property. El seguro de automóvil por daños a propiedad ajena, comprende la responsabilidad civil del asegurado, causada por el uso del automóvil al ocasionale daños materiales a vehicules u otros bienes. ARTICULO 993. Atropello de personas. El automóvil por atropello de personas, comprende la responsabilidad civil derivado de daños y perjuicios a terceso en su persona, por el uso del automóvil asegurado. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 994. Riesgo no cubierto. Damages to the property of the insured, his relatives or persons under his custody will be covered in any case, except for the insured's own automobile. ARTICULO 995. Riesgos excluidos. Salvo pacto en contrario, quedan excluidos los riesgos comprendidos en los supuestos siguientes. 1º. Los que ocurrieren when the vehicle is found outside the limits of the Republic of Guatemala. 2º. Los daños en la persona del insurado, de sus accompanantes o del driver profesional. 3º. The breakage of crystals or pieces of the automobile mechanism, due to inadequate use of overloading or straining the vehicle's capacity. 4º. Those provoked by grave infractions to the traffic regulation, as long as the infraction directly influences the accident that causes the damage. 5º. Los ocasidados por embriaguez comprobada legally de la persona que maneje el automóvil asegurado o por persona carente de licencia para conducir. 6º. Damage to the special equipment. 7º. Pérdida de utilitas o de ingresos. 8º. Riesgos extraordinarios, como temblores, terremotos, volcanic eruptions, huracanes, guerra. 9º. Los ocasionalados por particular directamente en carreras o competencias. 10. Those who use the vehicle for purposes of instruction or teaching. SECCION TERCERA DEL SEGURO DE PERSONAS ARTICULO 996. Seguro de menores. El seguro sobre la vida de un minor de edad que tenga o más años, requirá su personal consent y de su legal representative. ARTICULO 997. Seguro de un tercero. Un podrá celebrarse un seguro para el caso muerte de un tercero sin su consentem, given por escrito antes de la celebración del contrato, con indicación de suma segurada, salvo cuando se cobrir prestaciones laborales o sociales. Machine Translated by Google The consent of the third insured must also be recorded in writing for the change in the designation of the beneficiary, for the assignment of rights or for the constitution of the pledge, except when this last operation is celebrated with the insurer. ARTICULO 998. Rehabilitation. No es aplicable al seguro sobre vida la disposition del parra secundo del article 906 en cuanto a rehabilitation de un seguro, cambio de plan o breach of previous contract. En estos casos las partes pueden contratar diversos plans y formas de seguro. ARTICULO 999. Interdicto o minor de doce años. No podra contratarse seguro para el caso de muerte de una persona declarada en estado de interdicción. You can contract insurance for minors under the age of twelve, as long as the legal representative has life insurance for a sum equal to or greater than the one requested. This condition will not apply when the legal representative is insurable. ARTICULO 1000. Designation of beneficiaries. The insured will be able to designate a third party as beneficiary and modify this designation por acto entre vivos or por testamento, aunque el beneficiario would have manifested his will to accept. Cualquier cambio de beneficiario debe comunicarse por escrito al asegurador, quien lo registrára en la póliza. Is the waiver of the faculty to revoke the designation of beneficiary valid and will it remain firm when it is communicated to the beneficiary in writing? pero no producirá efectos frente a terceros while no se haga saber también por escrito al assurador y éste la haga constar en la póliza. ARTICULO 1001. Beneficiario irrevocable. In case of designation of irrevocable beneficiary, the insured will not be able to dispose of the rights derived from the insurance without the written consent of the beneficiary, unless the insured has reserved such rights. ARTICULO 1002. Beneficiarios genericos. Cuando se designare como beneficiario al cónyuge, sin expresión de nombre, se considerará como tal a quien tenga este caracter en el momento en que muera el insured. Si se se designaren como beneficiarios al cónyuge and los descendientes, sin determinación de partes se entenderá que half of the insured amount corresponds to the spouse and the other half will be distributed among the descendents, conforme al derecho sucessorio. Si se designaren como beneficiarios a los herederos o causahabientes, el capital insured will enter a formar parte de la masa hereditaria? lo mismo se observará cuando se designen a los beneficiarios por su Machine Translated by Google nombre, sino que se se signalen como tales a los que tengan determinedo parentesco con el asegurado. It is excepted the case that they designate as beneficiaries the children that the insured will have in the future with a certain person, who will be considered designated by names. En caso de ser varios los beneficiarios, si no se ha indicado la porción que a cada uno correspondente, se entenderá que recipearan equal parts. ARTICULO 1003. Death of beneficiaries. If some of the beneficiaries die before, or at the same time as the insured, his part will increase the rest. In the absence of other beneficiaries, the insurance will be paid to the insured's heirs. Se exceptúa de lo dispositivo en este article, el caso de beneficiarios irrevocables, cuyo derecho se transmitará a sus herederos. ARTICULO 1004. Derecho propio del beneficiario. At the death of the insured, the beneficiary registered in the policy will acquire a right of his own on the sum insured, which he can demand directly from the insurer, and neither the heirs nor the creditors of the insured will have any right to it. The payment made by the insurer to the beneficiaries registered in the policy extinguishes all contractual obligations derived from the same. ARTICULO 1005. Assault against the insured. The beneficiary who acts against the person of the insured, will not acquire rights on the insured sum, and will lose inclusively those that he had acquired by an irrevocable designation. In this case, the insurance will be paid to the insured's heirs, in the absence of other beneficiaries. ARTICULO 1006. Inaffectabilidad. Los derechos derived from an insurance contract celebrated in good faith will not be embargoed, nor subject to execution in case of contest, judicial moratoria or bankruptcy of the insured. ARTICULO 1007. Prueba de edad. In any moment that the insured presents proof of his age, the insurer will be obliged to make it appear in the policy, without requiring new proofs. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 1008. Suicide of the insured. The insurer will be obligated to pay the sum stipulated even in case of suicide of the insured, regardless of the mental state of the suicide or the mobile of the suicide, if it occurs after two years of celebrating or rehabilitating the contract. Si ocurriere antes, the insurer is only obliged to return the premiums received. ARTICULO 1009. No subrogation. In personal insurance, the insurer will not be able to subrogate rights against third parties that the accident generates in favor of the insured or the beneficiary. ARTICULO 1010. Indisputability. Omissions or inexact declarations of the applicant of the insurance, diversas de las referentes a la age del insurado, dan derecho al insurador para dar por terminado el contrato? pero dicho derecho expires, if the policy has been in force, in the life of the insured, during two years from the date of its perfection or the last rehabilitation. ARTICULO 1011. Edad inexacta. If the insured's age is declared inaccurately, the insurer will only be able to terminate the contract, if the real age is outside the limits of admission set by the insurer. In this case, the insured will have the right, as a minimum, to the mathematical reserve, if there is one, calculated at the time the insurer discovered the cause of determination. If this is discovered after the death of the insured, the mathematical reserve that currently exists will be given to the beneficiary, unless otherwise agreed to increase the sum that the beneficiary will receive. If the insured's real age is within the admission limits set by the insurer and as a consequence of the inaccurate declaration of his age, a minor or major premium has been fixed, the sum insured to be paid will be the one that corresponds to the amount that the asegurador hubiere asegurado, según sus tarifas vigente al celebrarse el contrato, de acuerdo con la prima effectively paid. If the insured's age is lower than the declared age and it is discovered in the life of the insured, he can choose between what is provided in the previous paragraph or the return of the excess of the existing reserve, in this case the subsequent premiums of the real age must be adjusted , según las tarifas valides al celebrarse el contrato. These provisions are also applicable to group or group insurance. For the calculations mentioned in this article, the rates that would have been in force at the time of the celebration of the contract will be applied. ARTICULO 1012. No exigibilidad de primas. The insurer will have no action to demand the payment of the premiums of the life insurance, save the right to an indemnification for failure to pay the corresponding to the first year, which will never exceed fifteen percent (15%) of the premium amount anual estipulada. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 1013. Caducidad. The life insurance expires, without any declaration, thirty days after the due date of the premium, if it has not been paid, save any provision of the policy, por la cual no se prodúscala lapse of the aforementioned effects . ARTICULO 1014. Valor de rescate. The insured will be able to terminate the contract at any time by simple written communication to the insurer. At the end of the contract, in this form, you will be entitled to the immediate payment of the redemption value determined in the table of guaranteed values that must be part of the policy. ARTICULO 1015. Préstamos sobre póliza. When a policy has a rescue value, the insured will have the right to automatic loans for the payment of premiums and personal loans, in both cases with guarantee of the policy. The insurer will collect the interest agreed in the contract, applying the norm of article 691 of this Code. The obligation to pay interest ends at the end of the insurance, when the insured has fulfilled the stipulations of the same or the reserves for the automatic payment of premiums that cover such responsibility. ARTICULO 1016. Seguro temporal. El seguro temporal oa termino, salvo pacto en contrario, no concederá values of rescue nor de los derechos que establecen los articles 1009 y 1010 de este Código. ARTICULO 1017. Atentado del contratante. In the insurances contracted on the life of a third party, if the contractor attempts to protect the life of the insured, the beneficiaries, even the irrevocable ones, will lose their rights and the insurance will be paid to the heirs of the insured. ARTICULO 1018. Beneficiario en póliza de accidente. El seguro contra accidente grants the beneficiary a proprietary right against the assurador, desde que ocurren el accidente. ARTICULO 1019. Seguro popular y de grupo. In the popular insurance and in the group insurance, the insurer is responsible for the collection of the premiums corresponding to the first year, and may agree to the suspension or automatic termination of the insurance, for the case that the payment of them is not timely made . Machine Translated by Google CHAPTER XI DEL CONTRATO DE REASEGURO ARTICULO 1020. Contract of reinsurance. Por el contrato de reaseguro, el assurador traslada a otro asegurador o reasegurador, parte o la totala de su propio riesgo. Todos los reaseguro contracts must be registrarse en la entity fiscalizadora, sin que sea exigible ningun otro trámite o legalización cuando los reaseguradores sean extranjeros. ARTICULO 1021. Normas supletorias. In what is not foreseen by the parties in the contract, the internationally recognized norms will be applied in the type of reinsurance in question, and in supplementary form, the provisions of this Code in which they are applicable. ARTICULO 1022. Divergencias. The divergences between the insurer and the reinsurer will be resolved by the arbitration clause contained in the contract, which states that the arbitrators must be technical and take into account the uses and customs of the reinsurer. No será necesario consignar en escritura pública la compromisoria clause contained in this contract. ARTICLE 1023. Failure to act against the reinsurer. The person who has the character of direct insurance or beneficiary, will have no action against the reinsurer or the reinsurers. CHAPTER XII DEL CONTRATO DE FIANZA Y DEL REAFIANZAMIENTO ARTICULO 1024. Aplicabilidad del con trato de fianza. The provisions of this chapter will apply to the bonds granted by the authorized guarantors in accordance with the law. ARTICULO 1025. Contenido. La fianza se hará constar en póliza que contendrá: 1º. The place and the date of its issue. Machine Translated by Google 2º. Los nombres y domicilios de la afianzadora y del fiado. 3º. The designation of the beneficiary. 4º. The mention of the guaranteed obligations and the amount and circumstances of the guarantee. 5º. The firm of the affiant, which can be autographed or substituted by printing or reproduction. ARTICULO 1026. Prueba de la fianza. In the absence of a policy, the bond will be tested by the confession of the surety, or by any other means, if there is a written test principle. ARTICULO 1027. Solidaridad. The affianzadora will be bound in solidarity and will not enjoy the benefits of order and excusión. ARTICULO 1028. Fianza de conducta. If a bond is granted to respond to the conduct of a person, the beneficiary may demand payment, when he proves, by any means and without the need for a judicial declaration, that the surety has incurred the act or omission foreseen in the contract. ARTICULO 1029. Exigibilidad de contragarantía. The affianzadora can only demand that the guarantor or the contrafiador insure the payment: 1º. When false data has been provided on the solvency of the guarantor or the contrafiador. 2º. Si se constituyó contragarantía real y el valor de los bienes diminuesi de tal manera que veren insufficientes para cover el importo de la obligación guaranteed. 3º. Si la deuda se hace exigible o se demanda judicialmente su pago. 4º. Cuando cinco años transcurran, si la obligación no tiene señalado plazo de vencimiento o este no deriva de su naturaleza misma. Para los efectos del presente article, la afianzadora podrá embargar bienes de sus deudores. The embargo will be maintained until the affianzadora que relevada de su obligación or se constituya contragarantía suficiente. ARTICULO 1030. Mora. The beneficiary must request payment of the deposit in writing in a written form and the affianzadora will incur mora if no payment is made in the following terms. Machine Translated by Google 1º. De diez días en fianzas en donde no haya reafianzamiento. 2º. De treinta días, donde haya reafianzamiento. It will be null and void the pact that fixes a different time to the one that signals this article, or a tax that is different from the legal interest moratorios. ARTICLE 1031. No extinction of obligations. Las obligaciones de la afianzadora no se extinguirán porque el creedor no judicialmente al deudor the fulfillment of his obligations, ni porque se deje de promoter en el juicio languera en contra del deudor. ARTICULO 1032. Prórroga o esperas. If the creditor grants an extension or waits for his debtor, he must communicate it to the affiant within the following five working days. En cualquier momento the affianzadora podrá cover el adeudo, y exiger su reimbursement al deudor, sin que éste pueda invoca frente a la afianzadora the expectation granted by the creditor. The lack of timely extension of the first extension or the granting of a further extension without the consent of the affianzadora extinguishes the bond. ARTICULO 1033. Reafianzamiento. Por el contrato de reafianzamiento, una afianzadora, obliga a pagar a otra en la proportion que se stipule, las quantitas que esta debe coverri al beneficiario de una fianza. ARTICLE 1034. Provision of funds. La reafianzadora está obligada a proveer de fondos a la afianzadora, tan pronto como ésta le communique que ha sido de pago por el beneficiario de la fianza, y que va proceder a realizarlo. La falta de provisión opportune hará responsable a la afianzadora de los daños y perjuicios que ocasione a la afianzadora. ARTICULO 1035. Subrogation. La reafianzadora que pague a la afianzadora se subrogará en los derechos de ésta contra los fiados y contrafiadores. ARTICULO 1036. Coafianzamiento. En el coafianzamiento, las coafianzadoras no gozarán del beneficio de división, salvo pacto en contrario. Machine Translated by Google ARTICULO 1037. Prescription. The actions of the beneficiary against the affianzadora and those of this against the contrafiadores and reafianzadoras will be prescribed in two years. ARTICULO 1038. Normas supletorias. En lo no previsto en este chapítulo, se aplicarán al reafianzamiento, en lo que no se oponga al mismo, las normas del contrato reaseguro. TITULO UNICO PROCEDIMIENTOS MERCANTILES ARTICULO 1039. Via Procesal. Unless the contrary is stipulated in this Code, all actions in which they are applied will be settled in a summary judgment, unless the parties have agreed to submit their differences to arbitration. En los juicios de valor indeterminado y en aquellos cuya cuantía exceda de dos mil quetzales (Q2,000.00). The cassation appeal will proceed, in the terms established in the Civil and Mercantile Procedural Code. En materia mercantil, son títulos ejecutivos. las copias legalizadas del acta de protocolación de protestos documentos mercantiles y bancarios, o los propios documentos si no fuere legally necesario el protesto. TRANSITORIAL DISPOSITIONS ARTICLE I. Las sociedades mercantiles constituidas al amparo de leyes anteriores, they will continue to be governed by the same. ARTICLE II. Por resolution adopted por los partners, cualquier sociedad constituida con prioridad a al gencia de este Código, podra escogerse voluntaramente a las dispositivos de este, modificando su constitutive escritura. En las sociedades anónimas tal resolution must be taken with the favorable vote of the majority que, según su escritura social o estatutos, se requiera para aprobar resolution por la asamblea general extraordinaria. In societies that are not anonymous, said resolution will be taken following the procedure set forth in article 41 of this Code, but dissident partners will be able to exercise the right of separation granted to them in article 16. The resolution to voluntarily agree to the provisions of this Code, will be formalized in a public record, which for fiscal effects will be of indeterminate value and will not be subject to the payment of municipal arbitration. Machine Translated by Google The registry fees, in this case, will be a third part of what will correspond, according to the respective rate. ARTICLE III. Si las sociedades constituidas al amparo de legislation mercantil anterior prorrogan su plazo o sufren cualquier modificación a su escritura constitutiva o estatutos, mordene tomar las medidas necesarias para adaptar su funcción a las dispositions de este Código. Any company constituted prior to the validity of this Code, which extends its term after it enters into force, will be governed by the provisions of this law. ARTICLE IV. In the cases referred to in articles 2 and 3 above, the registrar will limit himself to qualifying the legality of the instruments granted to comply with them and must refrain from making any qualification, as regards the acts of constitution or previous extensions o modificaciones a la escritura social. ARTICLE V. The administrative files that are in process when this Code enters into force and that have as their object the approval of statutes and the recognition of the legal personality of sociedades anónimas, the modification of their constitutive escritura, the statutes or the increase or reduction of capital , will be transferred immediately to the Mercantile Registry. When receiving them, the registrar will let the interested parties know and they will be notified of a period of sixty days for them to adapt their constitutive escritura to the provisions of this Code. En igual forma procederá con las escrituras de constitución, modification o prorroga de sociedades mercantiles que estuvieren pendientes de inscripción en el registro de Personas Jurídicas, whose files will be sent by the civil registrars to the Mercantile Registry for the effects of the previous paragraph. Los instrumentos que sean necesarios otorgar para adaptar la organización o funcción de tales sociedades o modificaciones o prórrogas a lo prescrito en este Código, tributarán como de valor indeterminado. ARTICLE VI. The societies constituted in civil form and which have for the purposes of commerce in any of their forms or the respective activities, will enjoy a period of one year from the validity of this Code, to transform into commercial societies and remain obliged to register in the Mercantile Registry, in the form that establishes article II. If such companies do not proceed with their reorganization in mercantile form, they will be subject to the provisions of this Code relative to the collective society. ARTICLE VII. * Machine Translated by Google It is mandatory to register in the jurisdictional Mercantile Registry, of all persons, companies, acts, deeds and relationships that are detailed in articles 334 to 338 of this Code, within a period that will expire on June 30, 1974. Para el efecto, it will suffice to present a legalized copy of the documents that were in the case, according to articles 345 and 351 of this Code. Individuals who consign article 340 will be able to request such registration. La falta de inscripción dentro del plazo antes señalado, se sancionará por el registrar mercantile with a fine of ten to five hundred Quetzales. Después del primero de marzo de mil ninecentesenta y uno, no tribunal y oficina pública will admit documents subject to registration that are not estuvieren zonados por el Registro Mercantil. * Prorrogado el plazo por el Artículo 2 del Decree Del Congreso Número 43-70 el 01-07-1970. * Prorrogado su plazo por el Artículo 1 del Decreto Del Congreso Número 65-71 el 28-06-1971. * Prorrogado su plazo por el Artículo 1 del Decreto Del Congreso Número 40-72 el 29-06-1972. *Extended by Article 1 of Congressional Decree Number 59-73 on 02-08-1973. ARTICLE VIII. The mercantile register must be organized and effective as of the date this law enters into force. The Executive Body must issue the Reglamento del Registro Mercantil, which will be proposed by the mercantile registrar, including the respective tariff. The Ministry of Economy is in charge of making the necessary arrangements for the proper installation of the Mercantile Registry of the Capital and the organization of other registries. The Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público will make budgetary transfers for due compliance with the present law. ARTICLE IX. The authorization of books and records established in article 372 will begin to be done by the Mercantile Registry of the capital from the effective date of this law. En los demás registros se hárá desde la fecha que el Ministerio de Economía determines. ARTICLE X. The provisions of this Code relative to the prescription will not apply in all cases in which the same has already begun to run in accordance with the previous law. ARTICLE XI. Machine Translated by Google El Organismo Ejecutivo will emit, by the organ of the Ministry of Economy, the necessary regulations for the obtaining of the commission, broker, hammer and other license established by this law. En tanto ello ocurre, such licenses will be issued by the Ministerio de Economía, fulfilling the requirements that establish the current regulations. ARTICLE XII. Los merchants deben ajustar su contabilidad a lo ordenado en este Código, al iniciar su primer ejercicio social siguiente a la entrada en vigencia del mismo. ARTICLE XIII. The mercantile processes that are in the process of entering into force this Code, will be continued by the procedure that establishes the Civil and Mercantile Procedural Code. The commercial processes that start from the validity of this Code will be ventilated by the procedure that this law establishes, even if the legal relationship or business, the act, contract or title of credit that serves them as a base would have been constituted, granted, created o emitted conforme a legislation previous. ARTICLE XIV. The intrinsic conditions and requirements of the form necessary for the validity of the credit titles issued or created prior to the effective date of the present Code shall be governed by the laws in accordance with which they were issued or created. ARTICLE XV. The effects that, when this Code enters into force, are still producing credit titles issued or created based on the laws and regulations that this derogates, will be governed by what is provided in the present Code, provided that its application is not retroactive. ARTICLE XVI. The admissibility of the tests and the effects of the legal presumptions relative to the credit titles will be governed by the current law when the legal relationship is established or the fact that is the object of the test or served as the basis for the presumptions is produced. ARTICLE XVII. The responsibility incurred by the persons who have intervened in the issuance or creation of the credit titles shall be governed by the laws in force at the time when the fact of that result took place. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE XVIII. The protest of the credit titles issued during the validity of previous laws, will be carried out in accordance with what determines the Fourth Section of Chapter V of the First Title of the Third Book of this Code. ARTICLE XIX. The prescription period that establishes article 253 of this Code will begin to run from its entry into force in respect of sums that correspond to shareholders of companies liquidated under previous laws and that have not yet been collected. Within the two months following the validity of this Code, the liquidators of the societies referred to in article 253, must deposit such sums in a Bank of the system, with the indication of the shareholder's name, if the action is nominative, or del número de la action si fuere al portador. ARTICLE XX. Por las ventas y por la predenza de servicios, de cualquier naturale, depaga pasarse el Impuesto de Papel Sealado y Timbres, conforme a la respective ley, exista o no obligación de extender invoice acuerdo con las dispositions de la presente ley. CHAPTER II DEROGATORY DISPOSITIONS AND MODIFICATORIES ARTICLE I. By way of derogation: 1º. El Código de Comercio contenido en el Decreto gubernativo número 2946, con excepción de Títulos I, II, III, IV, V, VI, y VIII, del Libro III, Comercio Marítimo. 2º. The Decree Number 1255 of the Congress of the Republic and the gubernatorial agreement of November 1962 that regulates the form of construction of the denomination of the sociedades anónimas. 3º. Articles 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 82, and 83 of Decree Law number 229. 4º. Los artículos 560 al 578; del 2037 al 2099 del Código Civil, relacionados con los contratos de Fideicomiso, Edición, Difusión, Hospedaje y transporte. 5º. El Decreto Número 468 del Presidente de la República, relativo a aumento o diminución de capital. 6º. El Decreto gubernativo número 2199 and its regulations. 7º. Los Acuerdos gubernativos de 22 de noviembre de 1961 y de 29 de October de 1943, relativos a la patente de comercio. 8º. Articles 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 of Government Decree number 2326. Machine Translated by Google 9º. The government agreements of March 11, 1951 and July 7, 1945 that regulate the Industrial Register and the Commercial Register. ARTICLE II. Article 72 of Decree Law 229 reads as follows: "Article 72. The Directorate General of Income Tax must keep a special register of legal persons subject to fiscalization. To register in this Register, the mercantile companies established in the country or abroad will present to the General Directorate of Income Tax a certification of the corresponding registrations in the Mercantile Register together with their opening balance sheet, which must be done dentro de los treinta días siguientes a su scripción definitive en este ultimo Registro. Once the individual traders or the mercantile societies have been entered, in the Mercantile Registry it is assumed that this institution has made the corresponding qualification and no new qualification can be made by the Dirección General del Impuesto sobre la Renta. Non-commercial legal persons subject to income tax shall be registered within the same period specified in the previous paragraph by presenting valid copies of their constitutive documents and calculating the term from the date of their constitution, government approval, registration in the Registry de Personas Jurídicas del Registro Civil or cualquier otro, según sea el caso." ARTICLE III. Legislative decree number 874 is hereby repealed. The Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores will proceed as soon as possible to denounce the Hague Convention of 1912 together with its regulations, in accordance with the procedure established in article 28 of said Convention. En tanto elapse el ano plazo siguiente a la notification de denunciation to the Gobierno de los Países de los Países, los tituulos valores a que refeira saida Convention, will continue to be governed by it only in los casos en que such tituulos valores contengan o generen relaciones juridiques internationales que estén sometidas a las dispositions de tal Convención. Once the term mentioned above has passed, all credit titles, without exception, are subject to the provisions of the present law. ARTICLE IV. The dispositions of the Civil Code relative to the Registry of Legal Entities shall not apply in relation to mercantile societies and shall remain in effect only in relation to legal entities not constituted under mercantile form. ARTICLE V. The provisions contained in article 1643 of the Civil Code, relative to credit titles, will not be applicable to mercantile obligations. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE VI. The embargo or intervention of companies and mercantile establishments will be subject to what is established in article 661 of this Code, so in these cases article 37 of Decree Law 107, Civil and Mercantile Procedural Code will not apply. ARTICLE VII. Todas las sociedades anónimas, even those referred to in article 12 of this Code, may not have statutes. The registration in the Registro Mercantil de las sociedades referred to in Article 12 mentioned above shall be done after it has been authorized by the corresponding fiscal entity, according to its special laws. ARTICLE VIII. Las sociedades anónimas que deban su creación aportes de capital obligatorios por ley, seguirán regidas por las leyes que regulan su creación, aun en el caso de cogerse a este Código. ARTICLE IX. Se derogan todas las leyes, regulamentos y dispositivos de cualquier orden que se opongan al presente Código, que regulen materias cubiertas por el mismo en que entorpezcan su applicación. ARTICLE X. Conflicts in the application of contradictory precepts between what is provided in previous laws and what is ordered by this Code, will be resolved in accordance with what is established by the Law of the Judicial Organism, Decree 1762 of the Congress of the Republic, especially in its article 176. ARTICLE XI. * The present Decree will enter into force on January 1, 1971. * Modified by Article 1 of the Congressional Decree Number 43-70 on 01-07-1970. Pase al Organismo Ejecutivo para su publication y cumplimento. Given in the Palacio del Organismo Legislativo, in the city of Guatemala, on the twenty-fourth day of the month of January of one thousand nine hundred and seventy. ENRIQUE A. CLAVERIE DELGADO, PRESIDENT. Machine Translated by Google AUGUSTO R. ROSALES ARRIOLA, PRIME SECRETARIO. HUGO RAFAEL CARIAS RECINOS, SECOND SECRETARY PALACIO NACIONAL: Guatemala, nueve de abril de mil ninecentos setenta. Publíquese y cúmplase. JULIO CESAR MENDEZ MONTENEGRO. THE MINISTER JOSE LUIS DE ECONOMY, BOUSCAYROL. THE MINISTER OF HACIENDA AND PUBLIC CREDIT, EMILIO PERALTA PORTILLO. LIBRO III DEL DECRETO 2946 (ANTIGUO CODIGO DE COMERCIO), TITULOS I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VIII, VIGENTES; POR EL DECRETO NUMERO 2-70 DEL CONGRESO DE LA REPUBLICA "DISPOSICIONES DEROGATORIAS Y MODIFICATORIAS" ARTICULO I NUMERAL 1o. BOOK III Del comercio marítimo TITLE I Of the mercantile ships and of the owners y copropietarios de ellas CHAPTER I De las naves mercantes ARTICLE 827. La palabra nave comprende el casco y quilla, los apparejos y accesorios de toda embarcación main, sea cual fuere su denominación y magnitud, sea de vela, remo o vapor. ARTICLE 828. The collective nombre "aparejos" designates palos, botes, anchors, cables, jarcias, velamen, mástiles y todos los demás objetos fijos o sueltos que, sin formar parte del cuerpo de la nave, son indispensable para su servicio, maneuvers or navigation. No designa nor comprende el armamento, victuallas, flete devengado y salarios anticipados a la crewación. ARTICLE 829. (1) Las naves son muebles, pero atendiendo su importancia, serán inscritas en un registro especial. Machine Translated by Google Sin embargo, las naves responden de las deudas comunes y privilegiadas del propietario y pueden ser persecuidas en poder terceso por los respectivees creedores. ARTICLE 830. The ship conserves its identity even when the materials that form it are successively changed. Deshecha y reconstruida la nave, aunque sea con los mismos materiales, será reputada como una embarcación nueva y distinta. ARTICLE 831. No ship will be considered as Guatemalan if it is not matriculated in accordance with the provisions of the matter. (2) ARTICLE 832. To acquire the ship by prescription it is required, a más de título y buena fe, the course of ten years of possession in the conditions that determine the civil law. In the absence of a traslativo de dominio title, the property of the ship can only be acquired by the extraordinary prescription of thirty years. The captain cannot acquire by prescription the property of the ship that governs a number of others. ARTICLE 833. Once the construction or reconstruction of a ship is finished, the owner of it will not be able to navigate it while it is not visited, recognized and declared in good condition for navigation by merits that the competent authority will name. ARTICLE 834. The property of the Guatemalan ships sold outside the territory of the Republic is transmitted according to the laws or usages in force in the place of the contract. ARTICLE 835. La enajenación de la nave importa la de todos los apparejos y pertrechos que le pertenezcan, a no ser que sean excluidos por convenio de las partes. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 836. If the ship has been sold while en route, the buyer will be fully responsible for the freight incurred on the trip since he received his last shipment. Pero si al tiempo de la venta hubiere llegado? la nave a su destino, los fletes pertenecerán al vendeur. Las parts sin embargo porgan estipular en ambos casos lo que más les convenga. ARTICLE 837. The domain of the ship acquired by contract will not be able to be justified against third parties sino por medio escritura pública, de la que se tomará nota in el registro correspondente. The same disposition applies to the domain of the ship that a person constructs or has to construct for his account. Acquired by testamentary or hereditary succession, or by apprehension, the property cannot be probada, according to the case, sino con testimonio fehaciente del testamento, acta de adjudication, o sentencia del tribunal competente. Las dispositions del paragraph primero no se extenien a las naves que midan menos de diez tons. ARTICLE 838. The alienation of the ship made dentro or fuera de la República, se entiende executed con todas las responsabilidades que la afectan y salvo los privilegios que establesca la law. The seller will give the buyer a nota signed de todas las deudas privileidadas que recogniz la nave, y esa nota deboda be inserted in the respective escritura. Having debts, the omission of any of them or the failure of the note establishes a presumption of bad faith against the seller. ARTICLE 839. Son créditios privilegiados sobre la nave o su precio: 1º- The first notice, gratification, costos de salvamento and salaries of practical pilots? 2º- Los derechos de porto? 3º- El salario de los depositarios y guardianes de la nave y los expenses causados en la conservación del hull, y aparejos, desde su entrada al porto hasta su venta? 4º- La renta del almacen donde veren custodiados los apparejos y pertrechos de la nave? 5º- The salaries, gratifications and disbursements of the captain and the salaries of the officers and sailors who make up the crew on the last voyage, without prejudice to their privilege on the fleet? contracted for a return trip, these two trips will be considered as one only for the application of this privilege. Machine Translated by Google The captain and the crew will not enjoy this privilege if they are hubieren ajustado a la parte o al flete". 6º- All debts that during the last voyage the captain would have contracted for the benefit of the ship with the object of satisfying any urgent and unavoidable need, including those caused by the acquisition of food for the passengers and those arising from the sale of a part of the cargo hecha con el indicado objeto? 7º- The amounts owed to the last seller of the ship or to the suppliers of materials, artisans and workers employed in their construction, if no journey was made after the sale or construction? y las sumas debidas por trabajos, mano de obra y supériemos empleados en la reparación, apresto y aprovisionamiento de la nave para su ultimo viaje, si ya hubiere navegado. The privilege of the suppliers, artisans and workers referred to in the previous paragraph extends to the case in which the construction or repair, the preparation or provisioning, have been verified by a determined adjustment, unless the owner accredits that he gave knowledge of contrato a los providos, artesanos y trabajadores por avisos en los periódicos or de otra manera legal. Even in this case, the suppliers, artisans and workers will be able to use the subsidiary action that they have by common right and claim from the owner the amount owed to the employer. The privilege granted in the second part of the first paragraph, is extensive to the amounts due for repair of the damage suffered by the ship of recent construction, antes de haber realized its first voyage? 8º- Las sumas prestadas a la gruesa sobre el casco y quilla de la nave con el objeto de repairarla, prestarla y aprovisionarla para su ultimo viaje? 9º- The premiums of the insurances contracted for the last trip on the objects indicated in the previous number? 10.- The indemnifications owed for the value of the goods loaded and not delivered, and for the damages suffered by the fault of the captain or the crew and those owed to the passenger in reason of the objects introduced to the ship and placed in the care of capitán ARTICLE 840. The privileges enunciated in the previous article comprenden tanto el capital como los interestes stipulados, y en los loans a la gruesa se extenien al profito marítimo y los tierra que ran desde la sésación de los risgos hasta el efectivo reembolso del capital. ARTICLE 841. Concursada la nave, los créditos enumerados en el article 839 serán graduados entre si seguno el orden en que apparente en enunciados. The credits included under the same number will be paid pro rata, as long as the price of the ship is insufficient to cover them in full. Concurriendo credits privileged of identical nature successively caused in un mismo port, will they be paid also pro rata? but if in the progress of navigation they are contracted in different ports, the reverse order of their dates will be observed in their graduation. Si los créditos concurrentes procedieren de loans a la gruesa, serán graduados entre si en la forma que dispone el article 1201. Machine Translated by Google Los acreedores comunes serán pagados sueldo a libra. (3) ARTICLE 842. In case of bankruptcy of the owner, the privileged creditors of the ship will be preferred in the distribution of the price of it to the other creditors of the mass? this preference will be extended to the amounts paid by the insurers. ARTICLE 843. To enjoy the privileges granted by Article 839, creditors cannot justify their claims except by means expressed below: 1º- La prima de aviso, gratificación y costas de salvamento, con certificación de la autoridad que haya presidido esa operación? 2º- El pilotaje con certificación del servicio prestados, expedida por el capitán o Comandante de Puerto? 3º- Los derechos de port, con certificación del hecho que los cause, given by the Administrator of the Aduana? 4º- The salaries and expenses of conservation, with testimony of the resolutions of the tribunal that have authorized and approved them? 5º- La renta del almacen en que se hubieren depositedado y custodiado los apparejos y pertrechos de la nave, con testimonio también de la resolution que authorizó el deposito? 6º- Los sueldos y gratificaciones del capitán y los salarios de la crewación, con la liquidación practicada vista del rol y libro de cuenta y razón de la nave, approved por el capitán del port? 7º- The debts incurred during the last trip with the documents that the captain had extended. La toma de víveres y venta de mercaderías, con los recibos que el capitán hubiere signed y con testimonio del agreement celebrated por los oficiales de la nave? 8º- Credits coming from the sale or construction of the ship, with the documents referred to in article 837 and those caused by supplies of provisions or materials, with an account signed by the suppliers recognized at the foot by the captain and viewed by the naviero, con tal que un exacto duplicado de ella se haya protocolizado en la oficina del Juzgado respectiveo antes de la salida de la nave? 9º- Loans a la gruesa, con escrituras públicas, oficiales o authentic documents: 10.- Las primas de los seguros, con las pólizas respectiveas? 11.- The indemnifications owed to the shippers and passengers, with the judicial or arbitral sentence that declares them. ARTICLE 844. Outside of the general modes of extinction of obligations, the privileges enumerated in article 839 and the right granted to creditors in general in article 829 are extinguished: Machine Translated by Google 1º- For the judicial sale of the ship, executed in the form that prescribes article 851; 2º- For the extrajudicial sale of the ship that is found in the port when after verification of said sale the ship has been despatched to the name and at the risk of the buyer, y navegare for the space of sixty days without opposition or protest of the creditors . Se entiende que la nave viaja a nombre del nuevo propietario siempre que éste hubiere hecho annotar la transferencia en la matrícula y certificado respecivos. ARTICLE 845. Pending the ship's responsibilities, privileged or common creditors may request the rescission of the private sale for failure to pay the price, or for the sale being executed in fraud of their rights. ARTICLE 846. Todo creedor puede solicitar el embargo y remate de un buque Guatemalan en cualquier puerto de la República en que se encuentre. ARTICLE 847. The ship that is found despachada can not be embargoed, save for debts incurred with the object of preparation and provision for the realization of the journey. The ship is considered despachada para los efectos de la disposition precedente, desde el momento en que el capitán obtenía del Comandante del Port el permiso de parpar. ARTICLE 848. Foreign ships surtas en los puertos de la República cannot be embargadas por deudas que hayan sido contraídas en territorio Guatemalan por causa o inutilidad de las mismas. ARTICLE 849. Los captaines, maestres o patrones no están autorizado por razón de su oficio para emajenar las naves de su mando. But if the ship that is en route reaches the state of no poder naverag, they can request its sale before the court of the department to which the port of its first stop or arrival belongs, offering justification of the damage that would have been suffered and that it cannot be rehabilitated to continue the journey. Comprobados estos extremos el Juzgado will authorize the judicial sale and this will be done, encontrando en alguno de los puertos de la República, en la forma que prescriben el article 843 y las leyes que a él se referencia. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 850. Cuando la necesidad de vender la nave fuera conocida en un puerto extranjero, la solicitud e información se hárán ante el Cónsul Guatemalaco o en su defecto ante el tribunal mercantil y no habiéndolo, ante la justicia ordinaria del lugar. ARTICLE 851. The ships will not be judicially sold without previously announcing the sale for the term of ten and eight days by means of posters and notices in the newspapers if they had them in the place of the judgment. The posters will be fixed in the customary places of the place of judgment, in the port where the ship is located, if it was different from that, and in the main door of the Port Command. The fixing of cartels and the publication of notices will be recorded in the respective file, under penalty of nullity, damages and damages. El remate se hará en la forma y con las solemnidades que prescriben las leyes para las ventas judiciales. CHAPTER II De los propietarios y copropietarios de la nave ARTICLE 852. The foreign owners of Guatemalan ships are subject to the prescriptions of the navigation law and all the security provisions adopted by the Government of the Republic in case of war with the nation to which they belong. Copropriedad de la nave does not constitute a society but a community of interests. ARTICLE 853. The owner of a ship or the co-participants, in case of belonging to many people, may manage it by themselves taking the qualities required by article 866 to be a shipowner. Careciendo de estas qualidades estará obligados a nombrar una persona que las tenga, la cual administrára la nave a nombre y por cuenta y riesgo de ellos. The appointment will be made by public record that will be registered in the registry of the respective Court. ARTICLE 854. The administrator of the ship has the same faculties as the ship, save the modifications and restrictions that are done in the writing of his appointment. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 855. In default of express and formal conventions that regulate the mode of administration of the co-participants of the ship, all resolutions of common interest will be adopted by the majority of votes, unless the law provides otherwise. The majority is constituted by the meeting of a number of parts of property of the ship that form more than half of its value, provided that this meeting is not verified in the person of a single participant. En caso de empate se sotermá la decision al juzgado respectiveo? but if the tie falls on the continuation of the armament or the disarmament of the ship, the opinion favorable to the first of these two extremes will be effected. ARTICLE 856. They are of common interest the resolutions relative to the equipment arming and provisioning of the ship, the appointment of administrator, the election of captain and crew and the contracts concluded with them. la repaira, fletamento e instrucciones para el viaje y, en general, todo lo que concierne a la nave y su uso. The voluntary sale of the common ship, the insurance of it and the expedition of its cargo for the account and risk of all drivers, are not acts of common interest. ARTICLE 857. Habiendo disentimiento acerca de la venta voluntaria de la nave, los condueños potran salir de la comunidad por licitación entre ellos, siendo todos mayores? but if there are minors, the ship will be sold at public auction at the request of any of the mayors or the legal representative of the minors Any of the participants will be able to request the admission of foreign bidders. ARTICLE 858. If the ship is found in the port of its registration or armament, the owner is personally responsible for the costs of repair and other repairs, as long as they are verified by order. En igual forma y hasta por la concurrencia del valor que tengan en la nave los coparticipes, responden de todos los expenses que se hagan en utilitas de la nave por acuerdo de la majority. ARTICLE 859. The drivers are obliged to contribute in proportion to the parts that they have in the ship, to their armament, equipment, provisioning and repairs, provided that the majority have agreed to any of these operations. But when it comes to refurbishing the ship, the majority will not have the right to determine at their discretion the nature of the repairs and their cost, and the minority disagreeing on these points, they can demand that an estimate be formed by experts and that the work be contracted in igualdad de condiciones con la persona que ofrezca realizar la reparación por el price más equitativo. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 860. Having agreed to the repair of the ship and filled the requirements required by the previous article, the minority will be obliged to contribute the amount that corresponds to it in the peremptory term of eight days, counted from the notification that it is made to the effect or to renounce in the mismo termo a favor de sus condueños la parte que tenga en la nave. No eligiendo en el plazo indicado se entiende que la minoría renuncia sus partes en la nave: en este caso they will proceed to award them privately to the other participants for the value that they have at fair valuation, a no ser que alguno de los interesados se minor o que sin serlo, solicite que la adjudication se verificare en pública auction. Before starting the repair, the justiprecio will be done by experts chosen by the parties or by the competent court, if some of them refuse to do the appointment. ARTICLE 861. If the majority does not accept the adjudication of the part or parts of the minority, they can request from the respective Court the automation necessary to take over them money in the gruesa and ask for embargo and sale in a public auction. ARTICLE 862. Siempre que la minoría, aunque la constituya un solo condeño, entendiere que el estado de la nave exigente una pronta reparación, resistida por mojojoja, podra requestar un recognazione judicial por peritos nombrados por el Juzgado de la Instance? y si estos opinaren que la reparaciones indispensable, los coparticipes disidentes estáran obligados con los fundos necesarios y, no haciéndolo, la minoría podra usar de cualquiera de los arbitrios enunciados en los dos articles precedentes. Resulting that the repair is unnecessary, the coparticipes who have requested the recognition, will pay the costs of this diligence. ARTICLE 863. Todo co-proprietario has the right to sell his part in the ship to a third party, but his co-participants will be able, within the precise term of thirty days, to exercise the right of tanteo a retracto, consignando en el acto the price, except in the case of stipulation in contrario . ARTICLE 864. The provisions of the present book do not apply to navigation in interior waters. TITLE II Of the persons who intervene in the maritime trade Machine Translated by Google CHAPTER I Del naviero o armador ARTICLE 865. Llámese naviero o armador la persona que sea o no propietaria de la nave, la apareja, pertrecha y expide a su propio nombre y por su cuenta y riesgo, percibe las utilitas que produce y soporta todas las responsabilidades que la afectan. ARTICLE 866. Para ser naviero se requiere aptitud para comerciar. ARTICLE 867. Son attributions del naviero: 1º- Nombrar persona que gobierne la nave o mandarla por si mismo, teniendo patente de capitán? 2º- Elegir los hombres de mar que deban componer la crewación entre los que le proponga el captain, sin que pueda obligar a éste a que reciba hombre alguno que de su elección? 3º- Celebrate the respective adjustments with the captain and the crew, the charters and, in general, all the contracts that the administration of the ship requires? 4º- Give the captain the necessary instructions for the government of the ship and the direction of the businesses that he entrusts? 5º.- Dismiss the captain and the other men of the sea without expression of cause, antes de la salida or durante el viaje de la ship. This right cannot be validly waived by the shipper. ARTICLE 868. El naviero está obligado: 1º- A pagar al capitán y hombres de mar los sueldos y retributions stipulados y las indemnificaciones que les correspondan por la ley o el contrato, caso de ser spedidos? the liquidation and payment of wages will be done within eight days counted from the conclusion of the trip or from the departure of the captain or man of the sea: 2º- A reintegratar al capitán los suplementar que haga en beneficio de la nave en cumplimente de sus instrucciones o en uso de sus facultades? 3º- A pagar las deudas que el capitán contraiga para habilitar y aprovisionar la nave, aunque proceda sin su orden y approvación en los casos permitidos por la ley? 4º- A responder civilmente de los hechos del capitán o crewación, bien constituyan delito, cuasidelito o importen una mera culpa? Machine Translated by Google 5º- A cumplir los contratos lícitos que el capitán celebre en utilizado de la nave o de la expedición? 6º- A llevar a efecto los fletamentos que celebre por si, su consignatario u el capitán de la nave? 7º- To indemnify a los cargadores los juicios que sufran por haber contracted más carga de la que corresponding to la capacidad de la nave. ARTICLE 869. Cuando el capitán fuere fuere despedido antes de la salida de la nave, el naviero debaarle pagarle los sueldos que haya devengado? y el capitán no podrá reclamar ninguna otra indemnización, salvo que la hubiere estipulado por escrito. Dismissed during the journey, the shipowner will pay the captain the due wages, and the one who corresponds to the time absolutely indispensable for him to return to the place where he was hired, unless he has committed some of the faults that express article 875. Estas reglas, son aplicables al capitán condueño elegido por un naviero extraño. ARTICLE 870. The majority of co-participants who perform the office of shipper in some of the forms that express article 853 can also dismiss, before or after embarking on the trip, the captain chosen by them: but if they dismiss him without legal cause, the captain será gado de los sueldos devengados and will have the right to require the co-participants who form the majority the reintegration of the value of their part in the ship, determined by agreement or by experts. ARTICLE 871. The provisions of the preceding article are applicable to the captain of the ship who had obtained the command of the ship by agreement with his co-participants. But in this case, the dismissed captain will also have the right to request compensation for the damages and losses he suffered ARTICLE 872. La cesion del goce de la nave in favor de un tercero importa de derecho la despedida del capitán copartícipe? y en tal caso éste, si hubiere sido elected por los condueños, podra exigerles el reintegrato de su parte en la nave en la forma que prescribe el article 870. If the captain had obtained the government of the ship by agreement, he could also demand indemnification of damages and damages. ARTICLE 873. Ajustado el hombre de mar por tiempo o viaje indeterminado, el naviero que le spida, con causa or sin ella, antes que la nave se haga a la mar, debora pagar los sueldos devengados. Machine Translated by Google In case of dismissal without cause, you must also pay an indemnification if it was stipulated by writing. Despedido sin cansa durante el viaje, el naviero debañar al hombre de mar los sueldos vencidos y los que se venzan hasta su regresso al puerto de su ajuste? pero si fuere retired del servicio con causa, el naviero sólo estará obligadoto pagarle los sueldos que hubiere devengado until el momento de la separation. In the two cases provided in the preceding paragraph, the ship will cost the transport of the seafaring man until the port where his adjustment was celebrated. ARTICLE 874. If the seafarer is contracted for a determined period or journey, can the shipowner dismiss him at his discretion before or after the journey is undertaken by paying the corresponding wages to all the time that his contract should last? pero si fuere retired con causa, sólo deba pagarle los sueldos devengados. Ocurriendo la despedida del hombre de mar during the agreed trip, with cause or without it, will be observed in the last paragraph of the previous article. ARTICLE 875. Son causas legales para despedida del capitán y de los hombres de mar: 1º- The disqualification to perform the functions and fulfill the duties of your respective office? 2º- Violation of the instructions regarding the captain? 3º- La disobedience en materia de su respective obligación? 4º- El abandono de la guardia de la nave? 5º- La embriaguez habitual? 6º- The perpetration of a crime? 7º- El daño causado a la nave o al cargomento por dolo o negligencia: 8º- Cualquier otro hecho que a juicio del Juzgado competente fuere de igual o greater seriousdad que los indicados. ARTICLE 876. The responsibility established in the number four of article 868 affects the shipowner, even if he is not the owner of the ship. The shipowner has the right in any case to claim the competent indemnification from the guilty party. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 877. The shipowner also responds to the facts of the substitute that the captain appoints during the trip, even if such appointment is prohibited by the contract or the instructions. ARTICLE 878. Siendo dos or más los navieros, cada uno de ellos será responsable until la concurrencia de la parte que tenga en la nave. ARTICLE 879. Ces la responsabilidad del naviero: 1º- Si los hechos del capitán o crewación no veren concerningientes a la nave oa la expedición? 2º- Si el que persigue esa responsabilidad fuere cómplice de los hechos del capitán o crewación? 3º- If the actions of the captain constitute an infraction of the obligations that for reasons of public interest the law imposes in his capacity as the ship's captain. ARTICLE 880. No son de la responsabilidad del naviero las obligaciones contraídas por el capitán en su profito particular, ni las que le están prohibidas, ni las permitidas en que se hubieren omitido las condiciones habilitantes o las substantial formalidades prescribed por la law. ARTICLE 881. Para hacer efectiva la responsabilidad civil del naviero por un hecho del capitán, el creedor podrá sudar a cualquiera de ellos sepadamente oa both at la vez? y lo sentencia que se pronunciare podrá ser indistintamente executada en la persona y bienes de uno y otro. Is the creditor who is in virtue of a contract agreed with the captain able to exercise his action in the terms indicated in the previous paragraph? pero si el capitán fuere condenado solo o en unión del naviero, la sentencia se executará exclusiva en la persona y bienes de este. Podrá ser ejecutada también en la persona y bienes del capitán, siempre que este se hubiere obligado personally al cumplimento del contrato. ARTICLE 882. The shipowner, whether or not the owner of the ship, can be freed from responding to the facts of the captain and crew and the obligations contracted by him, abandoning the ship and the freights perceived or por percivir en ratón del voyage to which those facts and obligations se referen Machine Translated by Google The shipowner, stranger or driver, will be obliged by the abandonment to fully indemnify the owner or co- participate of the ship. ARTICLE 883. Perteneciendo el cargomento al naviero, no estará éste obligado a abandonarlo? pero deba depagar a los creedores el flete corresponsible, estimated by experts. Neither will he be obliged to abandon the indemnification that he obtains from the insurers ship. ARTICLE 884. The shipowner who had given the captain special power to administer the cargo of his belongings, to take money, a la gruesa or execute other similar acts, will not be able to free himself by abandoning the obligations that his mandator would have contracted within the limits of the mandate. ARTICLE 885. The shipowner, owner or participant, who is at the same time captain of the ship, cannot be exonerated by abandoning the responsibility for his own deeds or the obligations he had contracted. Pero sí el capitán sólo fuere copartícipe no será responsable con todos sus bienes de las obligations contraídas por causa y en Utilidad de la nave o de la expedición sino in proportion del interes que en ella tenga. ARTICLE 886. En los casos del article 853 will the vote of the majority suffice to make abandonment in favor of the creditors? but if the majority prefers to conserve the ship and pay the debts, the minority will not be obliged to submit to this resolution and will be able to abandon the parts that correspond to them. This provision will be applicable to the case in which the majority has authorized the captain against the vote of the minority to oblige indefinitely to all the drivers of the ship. ARTICLE 887. La pérdida de la nave no extingue la facultad de abandonarla, pero en tal caso el naviero must deliver to los creedores the freight that had been received. La dejación de la nave y flete in favor de los insuradores tampoco extingue esta facultad. ARTICLE 888. Machine Translated by Google The shipowner can abandon the ship after embargo and in any state of the cause, with the condition that he has not formally renounced the faculty granted by the law and that he has abandoned the ship before it has been judicially sold. ARTICLE 889. The abandonment does not transfer the property of the ship and in consequence, the price that remains after paying the creditors will be given to the shipper. ARTICLE 890. Por el abandono hecho in favor of one of the creditors, the actions of others against the ship are completely extinguished. Pero si esas actions trajeren su origine de un delito o cuasidelito del capitán, el abandonmento no privará los creedores del derecho de perseguirle criminalmente. ARTICLE 891. El abandonmento se hará en instrumento público y será modificado a los creedores. CHAPTER II Del capitán ARTICLE 892. El capitán es el jefe Superior de la nave mercante, encargado de su gobierno y dirección, mediate una retribution convenida con el naviero. La crewación y pasajeros le deben respeto y obediencia en cuanto se referé al servicio de la nave y seguridad de las personas y carga que condusca. ARTICLE 893. El capitán es delegate de la autoridad pública para la conservación del order en la nave y salvación de los pasajeros, gente de mar y carga. He is at the same time factor of the shipper and representative of the shippers in all matters relating to the interest of the ship and its cargo of the expedition. ARTICLE 894. Machine Translated by Google The captain is obliged to respect and fulfill the laws and fiscal regulations of the marina, of health and police of the ports of departure, escala, arribada and destination of the ship, and to anchor in all of them in the place most convenient to the security of this y de las demás existentes en el mismo porto. ARTICLE 895. No minor or major can be captain who cannot justify having sailed for five years in a warship or merchant ship, pass a satisfactory examination of the theory and practice of navigation and obtain a patent for such. An especial regulation will determine the subjects of the examination, the commission before the person who must do it, and the documents with which the exercise of navigation is justified by the term indicated in the previous paragraph. ARTICLE 896. El naviero que no tenga patente de capitán no puede mandar su nave? but podrá podrá tomar a su chargeo la administración económica de ella a condición de abstenerse de todo acto que se fiera a la navegación. ARTICLE 897. Contracted for a journey, the captain is obliged in favor of the shipowner and the shippers to undertake it and finish it personally, going to sea in the first favorable occasion that is presented after the ship has been set up, carried, provisioned, loaded and dispatched, salvo que el tiempo no sea favorable o que sobrevenga peste, guerra or otro accidente de fuerza mayor que se lo impida. ARTICLE 898. The privilege that article 839 gives to the captain on the ship for the payment of his wages, gratifications and disbursements, affects the ships of the ship. ARTICLE 899. The captain can demand the full payment of his wages, gratifications and disbursements at the moment his accounts have been approved by the ship. Si ofrecieren reparos que retarden su ajuste definitivo el capitán podrá exigir el pago prestando fianza a satisfaction del naviero de restituir la quantity que reciba, si resultare alcanzado. ARTICLE 900. Without prejudice to the faculties granted and the obligations and prohibitions imposed on the captain in the other titles of this book, tiene por razon de su oficio those that express the following articles. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 901. Son attributions of the captain: 1º- Dictate the necessary orders for the government and direction of the ship? 2º Impose on board the correctional penalties established by law or regulations to persons, who disturb the order of the ship, commit falsities of discipline and refuse or omit to provide the service that corresponds to them? 3º- Arrestar a los que se hicieren culpables de algun delito, levantar información del hecho y entregar los delincuentes a la autoridad competente? 4º- Proponer al naviero los hombres de mar que deben componer la crewación y despedirlos del servicio con causa or sin ella? 5º- Take the necessary provisions to maintain the ship well-cared, equipped, equipped and provided, siempre que las circunstancias no le permitan solicitar la authorization e instrucciones del naviero de su consignatario? 6º- Contract charters and celebrate adjustments with the crew, but only in absence of the shipper or his consignee? 7º- Disponer por si durante la navegación the repairs that urgently require the ship, its equipment and equipment for the continuation and conclusion of the trip? pero si el naviero se encontrare en el porto where they have to hacerse las reparaciones or hubiere en él persona que le represente, el capitán no podrá proceder sin previa authorization especial del one or del otro? 8º- To take money in bulk in the absence of the shipper or his consignee sobre el hull, quilla y apparejos de la nave para costear las reparaciones y aprovisionamiento que son de urgente y absoluta necessidad, siempre que encontrando los fundos del naviero no pueda obtenerlos de sus correspondents or de los interesados en la carga. Even in this case the captain will not be able to contract a maritime risk loan without prior information of the need and authorization of the respective Court, if it is found in a port of the Republic, of the Guatemalan Consul if the port is foreign or, in its default, de la autoridad local que conozca de las causas mercantiles? 9º- Girar letras de cambio contra el naviero hallándos en circunstancias como las previsedas en la parte primera del inciso previous y no pudiendo obtener un loan a la gruesa. Firmándolas como mandatario del naviero, el capitán no será responsable personally de la acceptance y pago de las letras. Se entiende haberlas girado en calidad de mandatario, aunque no se expresse, siempre que las letras contengan la clause "valor received por cuenta de la nave" or otra equivalente? 10- Sell at public auction with prior judicial authorization the part of the cargo that is sufficient to cover the urgent needs of the ship when no funds can be provided by any of the media indicated in the previous paragraphs? in this case the captain must respond to the current price that the merchandise sold has in the port of its destination or the sale price at the discretion of the owner. If the cargador fuere uno solo or si siendo varios estuvieren acuerdo, they can object to the sale of their merchandise and unload them paying the freight in proportion to the distance traveled. If in the second case, the shippers are not in agreement, will the shipper who wants to unload their goods pay the entire freight? 11.- Obligar a los que tengan víveres por su cuenta particular a que los vendan para el consumo general. El capitán no podrá usar de esta faculty sino en el caso extremo de halarse las provisions de la nave y previo el dictamen de los oficiales de ella. Machine Translated by Google The payment will be made al contado and if the owner prefers it will be verified in the port of the first arrival or in the one of descarga, al precio corriente que los víveres tengan en aquél or en éste? 12.- Hacer echazón de la parte de la cargo, aparejos o pertrechos de que fuere necesario deshacerse para salvar la nave de un risego conocido y efectivo. La echazón se hará en la forma que prescriben los artículos 1100 y 1101 yendo previos el parecer de los oficiales a presencia de los cargadores o del sobrecargo? 13.- Obligar al piloto a que varíe de rumbo cuando lo juzgue indispensable, aunque éste se oponga y proteste contra la determinación del capitán? 14.- Recibir y autorizar en alta mar los testamentos de las persons que conduce la nave. pertenezcan o no a la crewación y custodiar los testamentos abiertos que se otorguen en alta mar, haciendo mención de ellos en el diario de navegación? 15.- Following the role of the crew, births and deaths that occur in the high seas will be recorded, in order to fulfill the requirements of Articles 308 and 344 of the Civil Code. ARTICLE 902. El capitán, antes de emprender el voyage, está obligato: 1º- To provide the certificate of registration of the ship, patent of navegation, rol de equipaje, boleta o patente de sanidad, pólizas de fletamento, conocimientos de la carga, un ejemplar de este Código y los other documents que ijan las leyes y regulamentos ; 2º- Abrir tres libros encuadernados y foliados, rubricados por el Juez de 1ª Instancia respectivevo y titulados, el primero "diario de navegación"? el segundo "libro de cuenta y razón"? y el tercero "libro de cargomentos"? 3º- A executor por si mismo, antes de hacerse a la mar, un prolijo reconocimiento del estado del buque, asociado de los oficiales del mismo, un carpentero de ribera y un maestro calafate, elegidos éstos por el capitán del port? the acta de recognimiento será consignada en el diario de navegación y signada por las personas indicatos? y apareciendo que el buque no está condición de hacerse a la mar se suspendará el voyage hasta que se hayan realizado las reparaciones necesarios. Los cargadores párganar impugnar el acta de visita y producir contra su contenido las pruebas que permite este Código? 4º- A poner la nave franca de quilla y costados y apta para recibir la carga en el termino pactado con el fletador? 5º- A manterense a bordo con toda la crewación mientras la nave reciba la carga ya cuidar de que esta quede bien arrumada? 6º- A cuidar que no se cargue en la nave more than what corresponds to its archeo and poner en tierra, at the disposal of the owner, siendo conocido, or en caso contrario a la de la authority local, las mercaderías que hubieren se hvierencido de más? 7º- A dar partial receipts of the merchandises that successively ship, ya cambiarlos opportunemente por los conocimientos que firme? 8º- Do not admit on board visibly damaged, damaged or poorly conditioned merchandise without mention in partial receipts or knowledge, el vicio que en ellas notare: omitted this mention is presumed that the captain has loaded healthy, intact and well-conditioned merchandise? 9º- To deliver or remit to the shipper an exact and complete estado of the merchandise loaded and to communicate the names and addresses of the shippers and the stipulated freights? Machine Translated by Google 10.- An inventory, before leaving the port, of the provisions, anchors, sails, aparejos, jarcias y demás pertrechos de la nave, con expresión del estado en que se encuenten. The inventory will be formed with the assistance of the pilot and contramaestre and signed by these and the captain. Podrá omitirse el inventoria si se hubiere formedo al tiempo de recibir el capitán el mando de la nave. Las pérdidas o deterioros que ocurrieren durante la navegación en los objetariados, serán anotados en el libro de cuenta y razón, signing el asiento los oficiales referidos. ARTICLE 903. The role of the crew must express: 1º- The name of the ship and the names and surnames of captains, officers and men of sea, with indication of their origin and nationality, age, civil status, domicile, employment on board and stipulated salaries; 2º- The port of departure and the destination of the ship? 3º- The number and surnames of the passengers and the location to which they are directed. The role must be signed by the captain, the officers and the men of the crew who are superior, and it will be signed by the captain or comandante del port, in whose poder a valid copy will be left. ARTICLE 904. In the navigation diary the captain will record daily the state of the weather and the winds, the daily progress or retardation of the ship, the degree of longitude and latitude in which it is found day by day, the damages or losses it suffers, the defeat followed, the reasons for the voluntary or forced deviations, the encounter with other ships and all the resolutions relative to the ship and cargo dictamen officiales. that En el libro de cuenta y razonará el capitán allo cuanto percibu por cuenta de la en cualquiera otrorequire objeto, los ajustamentosel de crewación,nave, los expenses las quantities quede haga que reciba por en reparaciones, sueldos los unoaprestos, cada salarios vituallas, de los hombres o de mar y las assignaciones que jare a su familia. In the shipping book, the captain will record the entry and exit of the merchandise loaded on the ship, with the expression of the numbers and marks of the packages, number of cargadores and consignors, loading and unloading ports and stipulated freight. ARTICLE 905. Despachada la nave el capitán no podrá ser detenido por deuda civil, a no ser que proceda de efectos suppliados para el voyage. Even in this case the captain can avoid detention by providing bail. ARTICLE 906. The exemption granted to the person of the captain extends to his equipment on the road, but not to his wages and gratifications, merchandise carried on his account and other objects of his property that he has on board. a The creditors will be able to embargo the merchandise of the captain paying the false freight Machine Translated by Google este, siempre que la descarga no produzca un retardca serious que jujudique los interesos de la nave y de los cargadores. ARTICLE 907. The provision in article 905 is not applicable to the captains of foreign ships, but they may request the lifting of the detention, securing the debt to the satisfaction of the creditor. ARTICLE 908. It is the captain's obligation during the trip: 1º- Mantener el order de la nave, cuidar de la salud de la crewación y de la conservación de la carga, y dirigir las maneuvers? 2º- Permanecer a bordo desde el momento en que principia el voyage hasta que eche el ancla en puerto seguro? 3º- Carry the books prescribed in article 904 and make daily notes with your second in the navigation journal? 4º- Defend the ship by all means that suggest prudence or save it by flight if attacked by enemies or pirates? 5º- Complain against the seizure, embargo or detention of the ship and its cargo, communicate to the shipper and shippers these occurrences by all means available and adopt, while not receiving instructions, all necessary provisions for the conservation of the ship and of las mercaderías cargadas? 6º- Adjust the rescue of the seized ship, register in the respective book the amounts of money or merchandise that will be delivered in fulfillment of the adjustment, formalize the corresponding protest in the port of its first stop or arrival within twenty-four hours counted from that time admitted a libre plática y justifyar en el de su destino los hechos referidos en la protesta? 7º- Present yourself to the Port Commander within the term designated in the preceding paragraph, provided you arrive at one of the Republic, give him an account of the causes of your arrival and collect a certificate of having fulfilled these prescriptions, as well as of the time of your arribo y salida del porto If the port of arrival was foreign, will he perform the duties enunciated before the authorities indicated in the second part of paragraph 17 of this article? 8º- Extraer el dinero, libros y la parte más preciosa del cargomento siempre que constituido en la impossibidad de salvar la nave, resuelva abandonarla? 9º- Present yourself to the most immediate authority at the place where the ship wrecks or runs aground, make before said authority a sworn relation of the event, verify it with the declarations of the crew and passengers and request the delivery of the original actions in resguardo of your rights . Are those interested in the ship or cargo able to produce evidence against the declarations of the captain, crew or passengers, even if there are disputes? 10.- Request the sale of the ship in the case provided for in article 849? 11.- Servirse de pilotos prácticos en todos los lugares donde la ley, la costumbre o la prudencia lo exija? Machine Translated by Google 12.- Maintain on board, finding the ship anchored in any port, the sufficient number of sailors to execute all necessary maneuvers? 13.- Form an inventory of the papers and goods of the passenger and hombre de mar que muera en la nave y ponerlos en buena custodia. The inventory will be signed with the assistance of two passengers or, in its default, two individuals from the crew who must sign it as witnesses? 14.- Dar noticia al naviero en todas las opportunidades que se le presenten, del estado de la nave y carga? 15.- Arriving at a neutral port cuando después de su salida sobrevenga war entre la República y la nación a que pertenezca el porte de su destino, y permainan aquel until the restoration of peace or until it receives orders from the ship and shippers. If the port to which the ship is headed is blocked, the captain will arrive at the most immediate location that is free and wait there for the lifting of the blockade or the orders of the ship and shippers. 16.- Consult with the officers of the ship, outside of the cases specially foreseen in this Code, if it is necessary to take an important resolution during the trip, such as going to sea, abandoning the anchors of the ship, cutting cables or masts , ajustar el rescue de la nave o executor otras operaciones de igual gravity y trascendencia? 17.- Protest in the port of arrival or the scale within the term indicated in paragraph 6 of this article, las pérdidas or breakdowns of the ship or of the cargo caused by own deliberation or by the board of officials, by force majeure or accidents of mar, hacer visar el diario navegación por la autoridad que correspond según lo dispositivo en el siguiente paragraph y justifyar en el porto su destino el hecho que las haya produced. The justification will be made before the respective tribunal if the port of call or arrival perteneciere a la República. Si fuere extranjero will be presented to the Guatemalan Consul, and no habiéndolo, will be presented to the local authority that knows the mercantile causes and, in default, to the ordinary justice. ARTICLE 909. Concluded the trip, the captain is obliged: 1º- A dar al naviero pronto aviso de su arribo caso de no hallarse en el porto? 2º- To protest within the term indicated in paragraph 6 of the previous article and to justify known or presumed losses and damage to the ship or its cargo, to ratify within the same term the protests that had been made in the course of navigation and to make visas el diario, si antes no hubiere sido visado? 3º- A entregar la carga con sus aumentos a los consignatarios que designen los conocimientos. At the time of delivery, the merchandise will be counted, weighed or measured as long as the captain is responsible for its number, weight or measurement? 4º- A recoger, al tiempo de entregar la carga, los conocimientos que hubiere signed, percibir receipt de la entrega en uno de ellos y devolver el conocimiento que tuviere del cargador? 5º- A poner la carga at disposibilidad del Juzgado respectiveo para que orderne su deposit cuando los consignatarios no soliciten su entrega dentro de un termo reasonable, se niguen a recibirla o se ignora la persona quien deba entregarse? 6º- A llevar una razón individual de las mercadarías que delivere partially y copiarla en el libro de cargomento? Machine Translated by Google 7º- To report to the Port Commander of the men who are missing from the crew due to desertion, death or any other cause and make them deliver the inventory and goods of those who have died on the ship to make them available to the heirs? 8º- To hand over to the authorized authority authorized copies of the records that he raised with the motive of the births or deaths occurring in the ship for the effects of the registration in the Civil Registry, in accordance with what articles 308 and 344 of the Code provide Civil? 9º- A dirigir el disarme de la nave? 10.- To render account to the navigator of the administration of the ship and cargo y entregarle bajo receipt todos los papeles, libros y dinero que le pertenezcan. ARTICLE 910. Se prohibe, al capitán: 1º- Faltar sin justa causa a su contracto con el naviero y si lo ciere, a más de responder de los daños y perjuicios, quedará inhabilitado por four años para exercer el oficio de capitán? 2º- Proponer al naviero y ajustar gente de mar a sabiendas de hallarse contratada con otra nave, so pena de una multa de cien quetzales? 3º- Substituir con otra nave la designada en el contrato salvo los casos previsitos por la la y el consentimiento del cargador? 4º- Recibir en la nave efectos de lícíto comercio? 5º- Contratar más carga que la correspondinge a la cabida de la nave? 6º- Deferir el tripe por inhabilitación de alguno de los oficiales u hombres de mar, causada por enfermedad o por cualquiera otro suceso involuntario? en este caso será de su obligación replace immediately al individuo inhabilitado? 7º- Colocar sobre cubierta parte alguna de la carga a no ser que unánimemente lo consientan por escrito el naviero, los oficiales y cargadores. Does this prohibition not extend to minor cabotage vessels? 8º- Recibir otra carga que la perteneciente al que hubiere fletado la nave por entireo, salvo que este lo consienta por escrito? 9º- Cargar mercaderías por su cuenta particular without permiso escrito del naviero del que hubiere fletado integramente la nave y permitir que haga individuo alguno de la crewación o un pasajero? 10.- Celebrar en beneficio propio con los cargadores pactos públicos or privados? 11.- Hacer negocios por su exclusiva cuenta cuando navegare common ganancia sobre el cargomento, so pena de que las utilitas se aplicarán a los demás interesados y las pérdidas cederán en su juicio. This prohibition extends to the case of undertaking business in another vessel that carries the same destination. Navigando a flete common o al tercio, el capitán podrá cargar de su cuenta, paying his associates el flete corresponsible? Machine Translated by Google 12.- Put another capitán en su lugar without the consent of the navigator, his apoderados or the Guatemalan consul in his case. Si lo ciere, el naviero podrá separarlo de su empleo sin juicio de que el capitán responde en todo caso de los fechos del substitute? 13.- Disembark the ship at the entrance and exit of the ports and rivers and spend the night outside of it while on a journey, a no ser que así lo exija alguna grave occupation de su oficio? 14.- Tomar dinero a la gruesa para sus negocios particulares bajo pena de nullidad? si el capitán fuere copropietario podrá contratrar un loana riesgo marítimo sobre la parte que tenga, siempre que antes no se hubiere tomado a la gruesa sobre ella or sobre toda la nave. In the proposed case, will it be expressed precisely what is the proportion that corresponds to the tomador en la nave? 15.- Contract loans a la gruesa sobre el cargomento, even when you need them to repair the ship or supply it. Contraviniendo esta prohibition, el loan será de la exclusiva responsabilidad del capitán? 16.- To take defeat contraria a la que debía, variar de rumbo or entrar en puerto distinto del su destino without haber tomado antes el parecer de los oficiales en presencia de los cargadores o sobrecargo que se hallaren a bordo. Procediendo en otra forma no se le admitrá ninguna excepción en discharge de su responsabilidad? 17.- Abandonar la nave, por grave que sea el peligro que corra, mientras haya esperanza de salvarla y, en ningún caso, sin haber oído antes el parecer de los oficiales? 18.- Abrir las escotillas antes de haber protestado las pérdidas o averías conocidas o presuntas, justifyando los hechos de que proden? 19.- Manifestar a los interesados, antes de que se le orderedene el Juzgado, la razón de las mercaderías thrown into the sea or entregadas a los piratas por vía de composition? 20.- Dejar ningún hombre de mar en puerto extranjero? 21.- Anticipar to the men of the crew during the trip more than a third part of their salaries. ARTICLE 911. The captain is civilly responsible even for the slight fault he commits in the exercise of his duties, the failure to observe the duties of his cargo and the violation of the prohibitions imposed by the law. En consecuencia, el capitán deba de indemnizar complidamente a los interesados los damages y perjuicios que directa o indirectamente les sobrevengan por cualquiera de las causas enunciadas. Si los daños y perjuicios veren imputables de las dolo o fraude del capitán, este será castigado con arrego a las leyes penales sin quedar por esto exonerado de las indemnificaciones que deba a las personas damnificada. ARTICLE 912. Machine Translated by Google It is also civilly responsible for the injuries committed by the crew, except for its rights against the guilty parties, and for the damages caused by the sailors, seafarers, as well as their faults in the service of the ship, unless they justify that puso en ejercicio su autoridad para prevenirles opportunamente. ARTICLE 913. Responde similarly de las multas, comisos, pérdidas, daños y perjuicios que produzca su contravención a las leyes y regulamentos fiscales, de marina, sanidad y policía de los puertos de salida, escala, arribada y descarga. ARTICLE 914. La responsabilidad del capitán para con el naviero begins from the time he makes him recognize as the head of the ship and ends by disarming and surrendering it. Respecto de los cargadores la responsabilidad del capitán begins when the cargo enters the ship and expires at the moment of delivery to the coast of the same ship in the port of its destination, unless the interested parties have agreed to something else. ARTICLE 915. El capitán no es responsable de los damages que sufra la nave o el cargomento por fuerza mayor o caso fortuito, salvo que estos sucesos hayan sido sido prepared por su culpa, ni de los que sobrevengan a las mercaderías por vicio propio de las mismas. ARTICLE 916. El capitán que venda la nave, tome dinero a la gruesa sobre el casco y quilla, gire letras a cargo del naviero, venda mercadérías o vituallas o tome provisions pertenecientes a los pasajeros fuera de los casos y sin las solemnidades prevenidas por la law, suppose gastos o exagere los que hubiere hecho, o cometa cualquiera otro fraude en sus cuentas, será castigado como reo de hurto, debiendo además indemnizar a los interesados todos los daños y perjuicios. ARTICLE 917. Condemned for dolo committed in the exercise of his duties or in the fulfillment of his obligations, the captain will be disqualified for the term of six years to carry out any cargo on merchant ships. CHAPTER III Del piloto ARTICLE 918. Machine Translated by Google El piloto takes el gobierno y dirección del buque por muerte, ausencia o inhabilidad del capitán, a no ser que el naviero hubiere nombrado persona que lo replace. En tal caso son aplicables al piloto todas las dispositions que contiene el chapítulo precedente. ARTICLE 919. To be a pilot, the same conditions of age, examination, practice of navigation and patent are required to perform the job of captain. (4). ARTICLE 920. Corresponds to the pilot directing the defeat of the trip and taking the course of the ship. ARTICLE 921. Son Obligaciones del piloto: 1º- Proveerse de las navegación charts, books and instruments necessary for the good performance of their functions? 2º- Carry the observation log, note daily the height of the sun, the loss, the distance and the longitude in which the ship is found and report to the captain the result of your observations. ARTICLE 922. Se prohíbe al piloto mudar en rumbo sin previo acuerdo del capitán. Pero si éste se pone a que se se se el rumbo projetado, el piloto le expondrá sus observaciones in presencia de los demás oficiales de la nave? and insisting the captain, he will fulfill the orders that he communicates formalizing in the navigation diary the corresponding protest in discharge of his responsibility. ARTICLE 923. El piloto es responsable de las pérdidas y daños que sufra la nave o el cargomento por su impericia, descuido o imprudencia. If the losses and damages proceed by fraud, the pilot will be punished in accordance with the laws and, in addition, he will be disqualified for the term of six years to perform any job in merchant ships. ARTICLE 924. The particular responsibility of the pilot does not exclude the responsibility of the captain in the same cases. Machine Translated by Google CHAPTER IV Del contramaestre ARTICLE 925. For the impossibility and disqualification of the pilot, the contramaestre will take the government and direction of the ship, subject to all legal prescriptions relative to the captain. ARTICLE 926. No puede ser contramaestre el que no puede ser piloto. ARTICLE 927. The contramaestre is the immediate head of the crew and in this character he corresponds to manauvres under the orders of the captain, to distribute on board the mechanical works among the seamen and to see that they execute them properly. ARTICLE 928. Son obligaciones del contramaestre: 1º- Recognize the equipment and all the other objects necessary for the service of the ship, take care of its conservation and give attention to the captain of the faults and deteriorations that are noted? 2º- Cuidar del buen arrumaje de la cargo y visitas frequently la bodega para cerciorarse de que la carga se conserva buen estado. 3º- Tener expedita la nave para todas las maneuveras que exige la navegación? 4º- Mantener el order y la discipline en la crewación, cuidar que los hombres que componen complan sus respective obligations y dar pronto aviso al capitán de todas las ocurrencias que quieran el exercija de su autoridad? 5º- Collect, inventory and custodian the equipment and pertrechos of the ship, llegado el caso de arme, a no ser que el naviero lo releve de esta obligation. ARTICLE 929. El contramaestre es responsable de los daños y perjuicios que sobrevengan por su culpa? y si éstos fuesen causados por dolo, será castigado con arrego al Código Penal. Machine Translated by Google CHAPTER V Del sobrecargo ARTICLE 930. The sobrecargo is a factor named by the shipper or by the cargadores and consequently, it is subject en cuanto a su capacidad, modo de contratar y responsabilidades, a las dispositions que contiene el Capítulo II, Título I del Libro I de este Código. ARTICLE 931. El naviero o cargadores will grant the sobrecargo an especial power that will be communicated to the captain. ARTICLE 932. Nombrado por el naviero, el sobrecargo ejerce la administración económica de la nave o la parte de administración que expresa y determinadamente se le hubiera conferido en el poder y lleva el libro de cuenta y razón de que trata el paragraph, segundo del article 904. Electido por los cargadores, el sobrecargo cuida de la conservación y venta de la carga, compra de las mercaderías de retorno, assists a las juntas de oficiales en que la law exige su presencia y lleva un libro de cuenta y razón de todas sus operaciones, encuadernado y foliado y rubricado por el Juzgado respectiveo. En ningún caso podrá tener ingerencia el sobrecargo en el ejercicio de las atribuciones que privativamente compete al capitán para la dirección facultativa de la nave y del voyage. ARTICLE 933. Cesan las attributions y responsabilidades del capitán en cuanto a la parte de administración que el naviero o cargadores hubieren confiado al sobrecargo? pero subsistirán siempre las que tiene en razón de su empleo y autoridad ARTICLE 934. Siempre que la persona quien fuere consignada la carga se negare a recibirla, el sobrecargo que carezca de instrucciones para este caso formalizará la protesta de estilo y dará accounta al Juzgado o al Guatemalan consul, o en defecto de éste, a la autoridad local para que nombre consignatario que reciba las mercaderías y compla las órdenes del proprietaria de ellas. ARTICLE 935. Se prohíbo al sobrecargo hacer negocio por su cuenta durante el voyage unless su Comitente or la costumbre puerto del llevar pacotilla. de Salida le allow one En este ultimo caso el sobrecargo no podra invertir en retornos, sin especial authorization de su comitente, una candidad que exceda del producto de la pacotilla. Machine Translated by Google TITLE III De los contratos de los hombres de mar ARTICLE 936. The words "hombres de mar, gente de mar", en su aceptación legal, mean the same person que Estas comprenden las a los marineros palabras y grumetes de la nave ya "tripulación los oficiales o equipment". de ella, excepto al capitán. ARTICLE 937. The age and other qualities that the simple sailor must have will be determined by the regulation marina. ARTICLE 938. El contrato que celebran los hombres de mar con el naviero, sea que éste obre personally o representado por el capitán, consiste respecto de los primeros en prestar a bordo los servicios estipulados, y de parte del secondo, en recibirlos en la nave, alimentarios y pagarles el sueldo o retribución convenidos. ARTICLE 939. El ajuste de los hombres de mar por una suma determinada por el viaje or por un tanto por mes, es un arrendamiento servicios. de El ajuste "al flete oa la parte" en los beneficios eventuals de la expedición es una sociedad. ARTICLE 940. Los Contratos entre el naviero y los hombres de mar seránidos por escrito en el libro de cuenta y razón y firmados por ellos o por otro a su ruego si no supieran hacerlo. En todas las diferencias que ocurran entre el naviero y la crewación en razón de sus contracts y de las anticipaciones que ésta reciba, hará fe el enunciado libro siempre que aparezca llevado en conformación with legal prescriptions and exempt from any suspicion of alteration in their seats. The captain is obliged to give the interested parties a copy authorized by him of his respective contracts. ARTICLE 941. In the absence of a written agreement and probative media of the adjustment conditions, they will be determined in conformity with the custom of the locality. ARTICLE 942. Machine Translated by Google In case of doubt about the duration of the seafarer's employment, it will be understood that it has been adjusted for the return trip to the port of departure. ARTICLE 943. If the seafaring man contracts to serve in two ships, the second contract will be of no value and effect, and the shipowner or captain with whom he will be adjusted first will be able to make them aware of the fulfillment of his duty or seek at his expense a person who substituya. In the proposed case, the seafarer will lose the benefit of the ship the wages that he would have earned, restitution at the same time the amounts that would have been anticipated and the shipowner or the captain that he would have hired knowing of his previous commitment will incur the fine señalada en el inciso 2º del artículo 910. ARTICLE 944. Seafarers who, at the time of contracting with the ship or captain, declare that they have exercised in navigation, will be responsible for this single act of damages and damages caused by their inexperience. ARTICLE 945. El hombre de mar puede ser despedido con causa o sin ella, antes o después de principiado el voyage? pero si lo fuere sin motivo legal sera indemnidado, según el caso, en la forma que prevenien los artículos 873 y 874 por la quien corresponding hacerlo. ARTICLE 946. The crew has the right to be fed on board, de una manera conveniente, sin juicio de su salary y de las indemnaciones conventionales or legales, en su caso. ARTICLE 947. The sick seafarer, injured or mutilated during the voyage, will always earn the agreed salary until his return to the port of departure, and if he returns to another ship, he will also receive compensation for the expenses of the return journey, unless the disease, wound or mutilation triga su origen de un hecho culpable de su parte. Pero se cual fuere la causa de esos accidentes, los gastos de asistencia y curación serán costeados con los fondos de la nave, con o sin charge de reintegration. If the illness, wound or mutilation were the result of a culpable act, such as having left the ship without the captain's permission, the expenses indicated will be from his particular account and must be reintegrated with his Salaries, and if they are insufficient with the other goods he has . Si proviniere de los servicios ordinarios en la nave, los expenses serán de la exclusiva cuenta del naviero? pero si procediere de servicios extraordinarios prestados a la nave y cargomento, los expenses serán distribuidos como avería gruesa entre el naviero y los cargamentos. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 948. The officer or mariner dead in defense of the ship will be considered alive to earn the wages and retributions stipulated, as long as the ship concludes its journey. This rule will be applied also to the officer or mariner arrested with the motive of the defense of the ship. ARTICLE 949. The heirs of the seafarer contracted for months, who dies during the voyage for a cause extraneous to the defense of the ship, have the right to the earned wages until the day of death. Si el ajuste fuere por viaje, los herederos sólo tieran acción a la mitad de la quantidad estipulada ocurriendo la muerte en el viaje de ida? pero si acaeciere en el regreso, podran exigir el pago en su totalità. If the contract was "a la parte o al flete" and the hombre de mar felleciere después de principiado el voyage, se abonará integramente a sus herederos toda la cuota convenida? más si ocurriere el deathecimiento antes de commensarse, no trehran derecho alguno a la retribution stipulated. Contratada la crewación for many successive trips, podra exigir el pago de sus salarios o retributions stipulated at the termination of each trip. ARTICLE 950. In case of apprehension or shipwreck with absolute loss of the ship and cargo, do the seamen not have any right to wages or agreed retributions? pero tampoco podran ser obligados a devolver las anticipaciones que hubieren receivedi. El producto de los restos de la nave y el flete de las mercadarías salvadas están affectos privilegiadamente al pago de los salaries de los tipulación ajustada por meses or por una quantidad convenida. El capitán será comprendido en la distribución por la parte proportional que corresponda a sus sueldos. ARTICLE 951. If the adjustments of the seamen are "al flete", they will only have the right, in the case foreseen in the previous article, to require the payment of their salaries in proportion to the other co-participants on the freight of the salvaged goods. In the case of having worked in the rescue of the shipwrecks, they will be paid a gratification commensurate with their efforts and the risks they have taken to save them. ARTICLE 952. The exemption that article 905 grants to the captain also extends to seafarers. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 953. The ship and fleet are directly affected by the payment of wages and indemnifications owed to seafarers adjusted for months or trips. ARTICLE 954. El hombre de mar puede rescind su compromiso en los casos siguientes: 1º-Por la varia del destino de la nave antes de principiarse el voyage para el cual se hubiese contratado? 2º-For the declaration of war between the Republic and the nation to whose territory the ship is destined? 3º-For the acquisition of safe news of the existence of an epidemic in the port of discharge before starting the journey or during an arrival? 4º-Por la muerte o despedida del capitán antes de la salida de la nave? 5º-Por la falta de convoy cuando se hubiere ajustado para naverag bajo escort de un buque guerra? 6º-Por cualquiera enfermedad que le habilite para prestar el servicio a que se hubiere compromised? 7º-Por el maltrato o falta de alimentos convenientes. The rescission in this case can be requested during the journey before the competent Court in the ports of the Republic and in foreign countries before the Guatemalan Consul and in default, before the local authority. ARTICLE 955. Se prohíbe a los hombres de mar, bajo pena de perder sus salarios, sue the captain during the trip, save in the cases foreseen in the present article. ARTICLE 956. The crew cannot load merchandise on their account without the consent of the shipper or of the person who had chartered the entire ship, unless the custom of the locality allows it. ARTICLE 957. Los hombres de mar are obliged: 1º-A cumplir su contrato bajo responsabilidade de daños y perjuicios y bajo las penas que establecen las leyes y regulamentos de marina, a menos que les sobrevenga justa causa para para hacerlo. En consecuencia, para pasar al servicio de otra nave sin incurrir en las responsabilidades indicatas, must obtener permiso por escrito del naviero o capitán con quien se hubieren ajustado? 2º- A embarcarse en el momento en que el capitán los quiera ya equipar y cargar la nave? Machine Translated by Google 3º-A obedecer sin contradicción al captain ya los oficiales, en su caso, en todo lo concerniente al servicio de la nave? 4º-A permainan a bordo y no salir de la nave sin licencia del capitán o del que haga sus veces? 5º-A defender la nave atacada por enemigos o piratas ya auxiliar active al capitán en todos los casos en que el buque peligre? 6º-A declarar la verdad de los hechos acaecidos siempre que el capitán lo pida para justifyar sus protests? 7º-A descargar el buque conclucido el voyage ya disarmarlo y moorarlo en lugar seguro. ARTICLE 958. Las obligaciones cíprocas del naviero y gente de mar principian en el momento de firmarse los contratos y concluyen por el disarme del buque. ARTICLE 959. Las obligaciones del hombre de mar se extinguen: 1º- Por la conclusion del tiempo del ajuste o del tripe para que fue contratado? 2º- Por su muerte? 3º- Por su despedida del servicio? 4º- Por la venta, appresamiento o naufragio del buque? 5º- Por la variation del destino del mismo? 6º- For the voluntary or forced revocation of the trip. ARTICLE 960. Aconteciendo la revocation del voyage por un hecho voluntario del naviero antes de que el buque haya zarpado del porto, los hombres de mar ajustados por meses perciebirán por vía de indemnación una mensualidad de su respectiveo salario y el que hubieren devengado. Ajustada la crewación por un precio giveno, los salarios serán determinadas dividiendo el precio por el número de días que approximación se calcula que debiere durar el viaje. Este calculo peritos. se hará por Calculando que la durationa del viaje proyectado no debiere pasar de un mes, la indemnización se reducirá al quince días salary de The advance payments made to the crew will be deducted from the amount of the indemnification. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 961. As long as the revocation occurs after the start of the voyage, seafarers hired for months will receive the earned salary and also the time required to reach the port of the ship's destination, and those hired for the voyage will receive the amount stipulated . A unos y otros se les proporciará transport para el porto de salida o de descarga, a su elección. ARTICLE 962. The provisions of the two preceding articles will be applied even in the cases where the revocation of the trip comes from a voluntary event on the part of the shippers, except for the right of the shipper to claim from them the corresponding compensation. ARTICLE 963. Revoked the trip before the departure for just cause, regardless of the ship or shippers, the seafarers have the right to some compensation and only can claim the payment of the earned wages until the day of the revocation. ARTICLE 964. There are just causes for the cancellation of the trip: 1º-The declaration of war between the Republic and the nation to which the port of discharge belongs, and the prohibition of commerce with that same nation? 2º-El bloqueo del porto a que fuere destinada la nave o una peste existente en el mismo porto? 3º-La prohibition de importar al porto a que se dirige el buque mercadarías de la misma especie de las que conduce? 4º-El embargo del buque de order de autoridad competente o la detención por causa ajena de la voluntad del naviero? 5º-Cualquiera del mismo buque que lo habilite para navegar? ARTICLE 965. Occurring after starting the trip some of the cases indicated in the three first paragraphs of the previous article, the seafarers contracted for months will receive at the port of the first arrival the salaries that correspond to them, according to the time they have served, and the adjustments quedarán rescindidos Si éstos veren hechos por candidad determinada, el monto del salario será fijado en la forma que prescribes el inciso 2º del article 94. Pero si el buque hubiere de seguir navegando, el capitán y la crewación están cíprocamente obligadores al complimento de sus ajustamentos. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 966. In the case provided for in paragraph 4 of article 964, half of their wages will be waived to the crew contracted for months during the time that the embargo or detention lasts? but if it lasts more than ninety days, the adjustment will be terminated without compensation. The contract celebrated for a fixed amount will also be terminated after ninety days. ARTICLE 967. The crew will not be able to demand more than the payment of earned wages in the case set forth in section 5 of article 964. Si la habilitación del buque fuere causada por dolo o culpa del capitán o piloto, la crewación podrá exigir de éstos la indemnización que correspond. ARTICLE 968. Variado el destino del buque antes su salida y no conformando los hombres mar con la variation, el naviero les abonará los salaries corresponding to the days passed from the date of the respective adjustment and a monthly payment by way of indemnification. If they accept the variation and the distance or other motives that merit a salary or major retribution, the increase will be fixed by the experts if the parties do not fix it by common agreement. Does the rule established in the first paragraph apply? también al caso en que la variación de un hecho de los cargadores, without prejudice to the indemnifications that correspond to the shipper. ARTICLE 969. La prolongación del voyage a puertos más distantes de los designados, causada por un hecho voluntario del naviero de los cargadores, da derecho a los hombres mar, contratados por cantidad fija, a un aumento de salario comportado al convenido en sus respectivees ajustamentos. El caso contrario no priva a los hombres de mar del derecho al íntegro pago de los salarios stipulados. ARTICLE 970. Los hombres de mar ajustados "a la parte" do not have the right to claim wages or indemnifications for the revocation, variation, delay or prolongation of the trip, originating from un caso fortuito or force majeure. But if such events are caused by an incident of the ship or the captain, the gente de mar will have the right to an indemnification whose amount will be fixed by experts. Si ocurrieren por un hecho de los cargadores, los hombres de mar will not have another action except for the proportionate share that corresponds to them according to their adjustments in the indemnification that those dieren to the ship. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 971. The rules of this title are applicable to the captain's contracts as long as they are not opposed to those established in Chapter II of the previous title. TITLE IV Del fletamento, del conocimiento y de los pasajeros CHAPTER I Definiciones y reglas relativas al fletamento ARTICLE 972. El fletamento is a transport contract for which the shipper, personally or represented, arrienda a otro el buque equipado y armedo y se obliga conducir en él a un lugar determinado mercedarías or persons, mediate un precio convenido. This price is called "fleet". Call "fletante" the person who rents the ship and promises the transport? y "fletador" el que carga el buque y paga el precio estipulado. ARTICLE 973. El buque puede ser fletado total o parpartiale. ARTICLE 974. The total fleet is celebrated: 1º-Por un viaje redondo, cualquiera que sea su duración, estipulando por flete una candidad determinada? 2º-Por tiempo y candidad deterministas? 3º-Por meses fijándose por flete una quantity por cada uno de los que dure el viaje? éste comprende la ida y la vuelta del buque a no ser que las parts acuerden otra cosa. The total charter does not include the captain's room or the necessary space for the removal of the crew and the custody of the equipment and supplies. ARTICLE 975. El fletamento parcial is celebrated: Por una parte determinada del buque? Por cierta candidad de mercaderías consideradas a bulto y por un precio giveno? Machine Translated by Google Por peso oa tanto el quintal? Por cabida oa tanto la tonna? A carga general. ARTICLE 976. El fletamento es la carga general cuando el fletante obliges itself to transport las merchandises del fletador en caso que en un determinado plazo complete la carga del buque via el ajuste de otros fletamentos. This manner of fletamento lleva implicità a resolutory condition that is considered fulfilled when the charterer does not complete at the stipulated term three quarters of the load that the vessel can carry. ARTICLE 977. Los fletamentos de buques extranjeros celebrated in puertos de la República are subject to the dispositions of this Code, even if the captain is also extranjero. Ajustados fuera de la República will be subject to the same provisions in all matters concerning the discharge or any other act that must be realized in the Guatemalan territory. CHAPTER II Of the capacity to charter the ship and of the charter policy ARTICLE 978. Only the shipper can celebrate the charter contract. ARTICLE 979. Can the captain assume the role of charterer in the case provided for in paragraph 6 of article 901? pero si fletare el buque en el lugar de la residence del naviero de su consignatario, el fletamento será válido siempre que el fletador haya procedido de buena fe. El fletamento ajustado en ausencia del naviero de su consignatario será válido aunque el capitán haya contravenido a sus instrucciones. En uno y otro caso será responsable de los daños y perjuicios que sufra el naviero. ARTICLE 980. Puede ser fletador cualquier persona que tenga capacidad para obligarse. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 981. El contrato de fletamento debe ser redactado por escrito, antes o después de recibida la carga, y no podra ser probado con testigos cuando el fete exceda de trescientos quetzales. The document in which the conditions of the contract are consigned is called "poliza de fletamento" and can be considered a public endocument authenticated. escritura o In this last case, it will be extended to as many copies as there are contractors, and if some of them are not able to sign, they will have to ask another person. ARTICLE 982. Hacen fe las pólizas extendedidas en documento privado si las partes recognan sus firmas. If they are denied, the existence and conditions of the charter may be justified by the means that establish this Code. ARTICLE 983. The charter de fletamento must express: 1º-El nombre, apellidos y domicilio del naviero, consignatario y capitán, si alguno de éstos fuere el que celebre el fletamento? 2º-The name, surname and domicile of the fletador y obrando éste por comisión, el de la persona por cuya cuenta se ajusta el fletamento? 3º-La classe, nombre, porte, pabellón y puerto de matrícula del buque? 4º-El porto de carga y descarga? 5º-La cabida, el número de tons o la candidad de peso o medida que las partes se obliguen respectively a cargar y conducir? 6º- The freight and the place where the payment must be made and if it is adjusted for the fixed amount for the journey, for a month or for the part of the ship that needs to be occupied or for the weight or the measure of the merchandise que consista el cargomento? 7º-Si el fletamento es total o parcial? 8º-El número de días convenidos para la carga y descarga? 9º-Las estadías y sobrestadías acordadas para el caso que la carga o la descarga no conluya dentro de los días señarados al efecto y la indemnización que deba pagarse por cada una ellas? 10.-El tanto que se haya de dar al capitán por capa? 11.-Todos los demás pactos en que convinieren las parts. ARTICLE 984. Machine Translated by Google Declarando en la poliza mayor porte del que effectively tenga el buque, el fletador podrá rescindamento el fletamento o exigir reducción del flete. In one or the other case, the charterer must compensate the charterer for the damages he suffers, unless the difference between the declared port and the true cabin of the ship does not exceed a quarter or the designation appears in accordance with the registration certificate. Excediendo la diferencia de una quadragésima parte, ésera será tomadada en cuenta para determinador el importe de la indemnización bida al fletador. ARTICLE 985. If the declared port is less than the effective capacity of the entire ship in a fixed amount, the charterer will not be obliged to supply cargo unless the declared port is concurrence, nor will the charterer be able to demand an increase in freight. Pero si el flete fuere ajustado por un tanto por tonna, el fletador must pay the price corresponding to all the tons that he occupies. ARTICLE 986. Although in the general cargo charter policy the port of the ship has been accurately designated, the charterer, if he has committed to receive a greater amount of merchandise from it than he can drive, will indemnify the charterers who do not load due to lack of space . ARTICLE 987. Concealing the true flag of the ship in the policy, the charterer may cancel the charter and the charterer must indemnify the confiscation, augmentation of rights and any other damages that may arise due to the concealment. ARTICLE 988. Not designating in the policy the time for loading and unloading, each of these operations will be carried out in the ports of the Republic within the term of fifteen useful and consecutive days since the captain has warned the charterer or his consignee that he is willing to load oa descargar. In the same case, the loading of minor cabotage vessels will be done in three useful and consecutive days, which will be counted from the date of the contract, and the unloading within the same period counted from the arrival of the vessel. En los puertos extranjeros se ha la carga o la descarga, en defecto de convenio, en el termo que designen los usos locales. ARTICLE 989. Machine Translated by Google Omitida en la policy la designation de las estadías or overstadías, the duration of una y otras arreglará a los usos locales. CHAPTER III Of the rights and obligations of the charterer ARTICLE 990. El fletante will be principally obliged, la responsabilidad de daños y perjuicios, a poner el buque proprechado provisionado at disposibilidad del fletador, a mantenerle en libre goce de él en el modo y durante el tiempo convenido ya signarle conocimientos de carga. ARTICLE 991. With the exception of the cases provided for in articles 999 and 1020, the charterer cannot verify the transport in another vessel that is designated in the charter. ARTICLE 992. The fletante is responsible to the charterers for damages and damages if due to their fault the ship is delayed in its departure, during the journey or in the port of discharge. There is a delay in departure when the ship does not undertake the voyage in the time and periods that determine articles 997, 998 and 999. Sin embargo, the charterer will not be able to claim the damages incurred by the voluntary delay of the ship's departure if he does not submit a request to the charterer by means of a protest to prevent him from embarking on the journey. ARTICLE 993. Although the full shipper does not put on board all the cargo corresponding to the capacity of the ship, the shipper cannot embark without the consent of the shipper other merchandise to complete it. Si lo consintiere, el flete de las mercaderías complementarias, el cual fuere, pertenecerá exclusively al fletador. ARTICLE 994. Si éste prohibitiere al fletante completar la carga podra obligarlo a embarcar una quantity de mercaderías suficiente para responder del flete. ARTICLE 995. Machine Translated by Google Authorized to complete the load, the charterer will not be able to contract merchandise for a freight rate lower than the one indicated by the charterer, and if he does, he will respond to the difference. ARTICLE 996. Before the ship goes to sea, the charterer may disembark the goods placed on board without his consent or transport them by the highest freight that has been obtained in that voyage. Disembarkation will be done at the owner's expense, given previo aviso. If during the journey the charterer knows the clandestine introduction of such merchandise, will he be obliged to keep them on the ship? pero entonces, además de exigir por ellas el más alto flete podrá depositarlas en manos de una persona abonada en el primer porto de arribada, dando oportuno aviso al propietario. Although the merchandise clandestinely introduced does not overload the ship, the charterer must verify the deposit as long as the charter is in full and that the transport of them can prejudice the interests of the charterer. ARTICLE 997. Fletado el buque por ento, el fletante deboa hacerse a la mar in la época que determinada el article 897. Even if the cargo is not complete, the charterer must undertake the trip at the request of the charterer, provided that he has embarked a quantity of merchandise sufficient to insure the charter. ARTICLE 998. En los fletamentos parciales, the charterer is obliged to undertake the trip eight days after he has on board three quarters of the cargo corresponding to the ship's cabin. ARTICLE 999. If after embarking part of the cargo the charterer does not complete the three quarters of it that corresponds to the capacity of the ship, he may subrogate it with another that has been visited and declared fit for the voyage, being from his account the costs of transbordo and el aumento de flete, si lo hubiere. By not making the subrogation, the charterer shall undertake the voyage with the cargo that he has on board within thirty days counted from the time that he had begun to load. The charterer will not be able to make subrogation without the consent of all the shippers in the case of a full or partial charter, if the third party of the cargo corresponding to the port of the ship has been reunited. ARTICULO 1000. Machine Translated by Google Having received a part of the merchandise contracted for general cargo, the charterer cannot refuse to take on board the others that are offered to him at a price and conditions equal to those agreed upon for those already received, unless he finds other merchandise that promises greater advantages. Refusing to accept the offer and continue the cargo, the charterer will not be able to make the subrogation that the previous article allows, although he has not completed the three fourths and will be obliged to go to sea with the ship. ARTICLE 1001. When the time to load or unload the ship has expired and the ship has been in transit and overstays without the charterer verifying the loading or unloading, the charterer can claim the stipulated compensation and, in default, the compensation determined by experts. If the delay results from the fact that the charterer did not put the load on the ship's side, the charterer may also cancel the charter demanding half of the agreed freight. If the delay consists in not receiving the cargo, the charterer will proceed in the terms prescribed in section 5 of article 909. ARTICLE 1002. When the charterer had embarked only one part of the cargo during the stipulated period and at the end of the layovers and overstays, the charterer will have the same rights granted to him in the two first paragraphs of the preceding article. ARTICLE 1003. The charterer who contracted to take cargo in another port that the charterer does not receive the consignee within the designated time, must give notice to the charterer and wait for his instructions and meanwhile they will run the delays and overstays that establish the contract or the use of the locality . No recibiendo instrucciones en un termo prudential, el fletante diligenciará un nuevo fletamento? y no obteniéndolo u obteniendo uno parcial, después de vencido el termo de las estadías y sobrestadías, he will formalize his protest and return to the port of his departure. The fletador will pay, in the first case, the stipulated freight and, secondly, the difference between that and the one that would have been earned on the ship. ARTICLE 1004. Then the ship arrives at the port of its destination, the captain will deliver the cargo in the terms that prevent paragraphs 3, 4, 5 and 6 of article 909. ARTICLE 1005. Machine Translated by Google If in the case provided for in paragraph 3 of article 909, the charterer unloads the goods without counting them, weighing them or measuring them, the charterer or his consignee will be able to establish the identity, number, weight and measurement of them, even by declaration of the persons que le hubieren servido en la descarga. ARTICLE 1006. If the cargo packages offer exterior signs of faults or damage, the captain, consignee or any other interested party may request a judicial recognition and justiprecio de las faltas or damage before verifying the download. This diligence will not obstruct other means of defense of the captain, even if he had been solicited by him. ARTICLE 1007. If the goods are delivered without prior examination or under protest, de un recibo or de un conocimiento canceled que indicé la falta o avería, el consignatario podrá pedir su recognition judicial dentro cuarenta y ocho horas, counted from the total or partial delivery. Vencido el plazo indicato no se admitrá ninguna reclamation por faltas o averías. ARTICLE 1008. No habiendo en los boltos señales exteriores de faltas or avárías, the judicial recognition podrá hacerse validamente, aun hallándose las mercadarías poder del consignatario, con tal que se verificador dentro senta y dos horas contadas desde entrega y previa justification de su identidad. CHAPTER IV Of the rights and obligations of the charterer ARTICLE 1009. El fletador del buque puede subfletarlo total o partially sin consentem del fletante, pero quedará siempre responsable complimento contrato. a it is del del Aunque el fletamento sea hecho por cantidad fija, corresponderá al subfletante cualquiera vantagea que obtenga en el subfletamento. ARTICLE 1010. The sale of the chartered vessel does not extinguish the right acquired by the charterer, and the new owner will be obliged to respect and comply with the charter, except for his right to claim compensation from the seller for the damages and losses that followed. ARTICLE 1011. Machine Translated by Google The principal obligations of the charterer consist of loading and unloading the ship at the agreed time and paying the stipulated freight. ARTICLE 1012. The loading and unloading will be done in the main place that designates the policy or in the supplemental of the stays or overstays if you have them. ARTICLE 1013. By not limiting the charter to a fixed number of tons, the charterer will be able to charge the entire vessel while it is empty, or the part that is free at the time of the contract. ARTICLE 1014. If the port of the partially chartered vessel is insufficient to receive all the contracted cargo, will the charterers be preferred according to the priority of their contracts? y si veuren de una misma fecha, cargarán a prorrata de las quantities de peso y cabida que cada uno hubiere contratado. In both cases, the charterer will indemnify the charterers for the damages caused by the lack of compliance with their respective contracts. The charterer who had first loaded the ship will be in possession of the part that was occupied, regardless of the date of his charter. ARTICLE 1015. El fletador que no embarque la totalla de la carga contratada pagará el flete de la parte que deje de cargar. ARTICLE 1016. If the shipper carries more merchandise than the agreement, he will pay for the excess of the same freight that was stipulated in the shipping policy. ARTICLE 1017. El fletador no puede cargar mercaderías de lícíto comercio ni otras que las designatedas o manifestadas al fletante, y si las garare serán su cuenta todos los daños y perjuicios que sobrevengan al buque y los fletadores. Cargando mercadérías prohibited with conocimiento del fletante, both will respond definitively and solidarily of all damages suffered by the vessel and the other shippers, aunque entre sí hubieren pactado lo contrario. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1018. Si por causa del cargador o de su consignatario el buque fletado para un viaje de ida y vuelta regresare sin carga debeda al fletante all el fete stipulado y una compensation la dera. ARTICLE 1019. Cuando el capitán se viere en la precisión de arribar para hacer urgente reparaciones en el hull, apparejos o paratrechos del buque, los fletadores must wait thirty days without indemnification, a menos que fieran descargar sus mercedarías. If they are downloaded within the indicated period, will they pay in full the agreed freight? pero si lo hicieren después de vancido sólo darán el que corresponde in proportion a la distance recorrida. Having chartered the ship for months, the charterer shall not charge any freight during the repair period, nor shall an increase in freight be adjusted for travel. ARTICLE 1020. If the ship cannot be usefully repaired, the captain will have to fly another ship for his account and verify that the ship has been transported without an increase in freight. In this case, it will be your obligation to accompany the cargo until it is delivered to the place of your destination. When another ship is found in the ports that are a hundred and thirty kilometers away, the captain will deposit the cargo on behalf of the shippers, giving them notice and requiring the shipper without other compensation, in proportion to the distance that he would have driven. ARTICLE 1021. Siempre que por malicia o negligencia del capitan, no se seguiere buque que transporte el cargomento, the charterers will be able to search for and ship it on account and under the responsibility of the charterer, después haber hecho al capitán dos judicial interpelaciones within the last fifteen days of the period that señala el article 1019. El fletamento celebrated by the shippers will be carried out despite the captain's opposition. ARTICLE 1022. Justifying the carriers that the ship was not in the state of navigation when it received the cargo, they will not be bound to pay any freight and may claim from the charterer the damages and losses suffered. The proof is admissible no obstante el acta de visita de que treata el inciso 3º del article 902. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1023. Antes o después de haber embarcado toda la carga or parte de ella podra el fletador desistir del fletamento, sea todo parcial, pagando la mitad del fletamento convenido. In the second case, he will also pay the costs of descarga and the damages caused by this operation. The previous rules are applicable to the cancellation of the charter for a round trip. Si el fletamento fuere ajustado por mes, el falso flete que debe pagar el fletador será el correspondent a la mitad de la duración probable del voyage, calculada poritos. ARTICLE 1024. The shipper who voluntarily and outside of the cases of force majeure unloads his merchandise before arriving at the port of destination of the ship will pay in full the agreed freight and the costs of the arrival with such object. ARTICLE 1025. En los fletamentos por meses o días, el flete corre desde el day en que commensa la carga until el en que conclusye descarga en el porto de la consignación. Para el efecto de fijar el importe de los fletes el mes principiado se terrà por concluido. ARTICLE 1026. Fletado el buque por un tiempo determinado, el flete runs from the day of the contract. ARTICLE 1027. En el fletamento por peso se calculará el peso bruto y, en defecto de un convenio especial, se entenderá que las partes se han referido a la unidad de peso usada en el lugar de la carga. ARTICLE 1028. Se deben fletes: 1º -For the merchandise that the captain sells during the trip to attend the urgent needs of the ship? 2º-Por las mercaderías deteriorated or disminuidas por caso fortuito, vicio propio de las mismas, mala calidad o condición de los envases? 3º-Por las que veuren deliberadamente arrojadas al mar para salvar el buque y el cargomento? Machine Translated by Google 4º-Por el aumento de peso o volumen de las mercederías cargadas. ARTICLE 1029. No ship should be flown for merchandise lost in shipwreck or alteration, stolen by pirates or violently taken by enemies. In all these cases, the charterer has the right to demand the restitution of the part of the charter that he had anticipated. ARTICLE 1030. Salvadas o rescatadas las mercadérías, el fletador will pay the freight that would have been incurred until the location of the shipwreck or apprehension. Si reparado el buque ferien conducidas en él hasta el port de su destino las mercadarías salvadas, el fletador abonará el flete íntegro, sin prejuicio de lo que resuelva sobre la avería. ARTICLE 1031. Nor is it necessary to ship goods that are salvaged in the sea or on the coast without the cooperation of the captain or the crew. ARTICLE 1032. El flete es dueto y exigible desde el momento en que se ponen a disposibilidad del consignatario las mercaderías conducidas. ARTICLE 1033. El fletante no está obligato a recibir en pago del fete mercaderías, sanas o averiadas? pero los cargadores may abandonarle por el flete los liquids cuyas vasijas hubieren lost más de la mitad de su contenido. ARTICLE 1034. The charterer does not support any reduction in the fees incurred in accordance with the policy outside of the cases expressed by law. ARTICLE 1035. Machine Translated by Google The captain cannot retain the cargo on board to ensure the payment of the freight, but he can request the deposit of it until it is verified. ARTICLE 1036. The cap will be paid to the captain in the same proportion as the freight and with the modifications to which these are subject according to the cases. ARTICLE 1037. El cargoment está afecto privilegiadamente al pago de los fletes, capa e indemnizaciones que deben los cargamentos razón de fletamento. El privilege dura treinta días contados desde la conclusion de descarga? y el fletante can request dentro de ellos the judicial sale of the merchandises that are sufficient to cover the enumerated credits, aun cuando el consignatario se haya constituto en bankruptcy. Merchandise that, pendiente aquel plazo, pasaren a tercera mano por un título legal, quedan libres de toda responsabilidad por el simple transcurso de los ocho días siguientes a la entrega de ellas. After thirty days, the charterer's credits will be considered as common credits. CHAPTER V De la rescisión del fletamento ARTICLE 1038. Outside of the cases of termination previously seen, the charter, be it total or partial, is terminated without compensation before starting the journey for the following causes: 1º-The prohibition of exporting from the place of loading or of importing to the unloading all or part of the merchandise included in a single policy unless the charterer wants to load other permitted merchandise? 2º-La interdicción del commerce, declaración de guerra entre la República y la nación a la que estuviere destinado el buque, y el block del porto de la discharge? 3º-Cualquier otro caso fortuito or de fuerza mayor que impida el viaje. If the fortuitous case fuere imputable to the fault of some of the parties, habrá lugar a la rescisión with indemnización de daños y perjuicios. ARTICLE 1039. If for any of the reasons expressed, the charter is surrendered after the vessel is loaded, the charterer will bear all the costs of unloading and the charterer the wages and expenses of the crew, without prejudice to the right that would have been acquired for the payment of stays, sobrestadías y avería común por daño ocurrido antes de la rescisión. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1040. Temporarily suspending the departure of the ship by closing the port, by embargo issued by the order of the competent authority or by any other event of force majeure, the fleet will be subsisted without compensation, and the costs of maintenance and salary of the crew will be paid as common damage. In the proposed case, the shipper will be able to unload and return to load his merchandise and if after ceasing the cause that suspended the ship's departure, he will not return to load within the shortened term, he will be obliged to pay estadías. ARTICLE 1041. Sobreviniendo durante el viaje any of the events expressed in los incisos 1º y 2º del article 1038, the captain will follow the instructions that for such cases he would have received from the charterer, and if he complies with them he will arrive at the port that he would have designated or return al de partida, cobrá solamente el flete de ida, aun cuando el buque estuviere fletado por viaje redondo. ARTICLE 1042. Caring for instructions in the cases referred to, the captain will proceed in the form that determines section 15 of article 908. No recibiendo instrucciones dentro de un plazo razonable, a juicio del tribunal ordinario del porto de arribada, el capitán pedirá el deposito de la carga, el pago del flete de ida solamente y la venta de las mercaderías que basten cobrirlo. Will the expenses incurred and the wages earned during the ship's detention be considered common damage and paid as such? pero el costo de la descarga, depósito y venta serán de la exclusiva cuenta del fletador. ARTICLE 1043. If the ship returns to the port of departure late or for fear of pirates or enemies and the shippers agree on their total discharge, the charterer cannot refuse to do so and in such case he will have the right to demand the entire freight corresponding to the voyage de ida, aunque el buque se halle fletado por viaje redondo. Si el fletamento estuviere ajustado por meses los cargadores pagarán el flete que correspondes al número de meses que hubiera deboda durar el viaje de peritos, calculado por ritos. ARTICLE 1044. The shippers will also be able to fully unload the ship and conclude the trip if they arrive at a port different from the expedition due to some of the causes indicated in the first paragraph of the previous article. Machine Translated by Google In such case, the shippers must pay the full freight for the outward journey and the port of arrival estuviere more than half of the distance that mediates between the expedition and the destination of the ship, y solamente la mitad, si la distance fuere menor. ARTICLE 1045. Arribando la nave a un puerto distinto del de su destino por falta de viveres proventient de no haber sido bien aprovisionada, o por averías que precedan de la impericia del capitán, they will take care of them cargadores para rescindir el contrato y solicitar indemnización de los daños que les sobrevengan. ARTICLE 1046. If the ship was detained during its voyage by the order of a foreign power, would the charter continue? pero no se debora flete alguno por el tiempo de la detención si el fletamento estuviere ajustado por meses, ni aumento de flete si lo estuviere por viaje. The cessation of the freight in the first of the cases indicated is entiende without prejudice to the disposition in it article 1040. CHAPTER VI Del conocimiento ARTICLE 1047. Llamase conocimiento o póliza de carga el documento en que el capitán y cargador recognan el hecho de embarque de las merchandiserías y expresan las condiciones del transporte convenido. ARTICLE 1048. El conocimiento debe contener: 1º- El nombre, 2º- El nombre, 3º- Los matrícula porte buque?y apellidos domicilio capitán? del nombres 4º- Número 5º-El port y marca de 6º-El de La 7º- los flete del fecha y las firmas del capitán y cargador. y y apellidos del cargador consignatario? y bulks, quality and quantity of goods? la cargo el de la descarga? y y contratada? capa ARTICLE 1049. El conocimiento será extendedido por lo menos en cuatro originales de un same tenor: uno para el cargador, otro para el consignatario, otro para el capitán y otro para el naviero. Each conocimiento will carry the indication of the corresponding number in the order of the copies se hubieren signed. El capitán firmará, además, tantos cuantos le exija el cargador. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1050. The shipper will present to the captain the knowledge within twenty-four hours of concluding the loading of his merchandise and both must sign them in the same term under the responsibility of damages and damages, even if no charter policy has been extended. Un ejemplar destinado al cargador será escrito por el capitán llenado por él siendo impreso. ARTICLE 1051. If the captain or any of his relatives dentro del grade prohibido para la testificación fuere cargador, los conocimientos seránados por los dos principales oficiales. ARTICLE 1052. Los conocimientos pueden ser extendedidos in favor of a person determined with the clause "a la order" or in favor of a person also determined without that clause or in favor of the bearer. In the first case, the rights of the charterer on the cargo are transmitted by endorsement executed in accordance with the prescriptions contained in Chapter V, Title XI of the second book of this Code? el segundo por cesión notificada al capitán? y en el tercero por la simple tradition del conocimiento. The charterer can oppose to the transferor all exceptions that could be valid against the transferor, as long as they are derived from the charter. ARTICLE 1053. Los cargadores will not be able to disembark their merchandise nor vary the consignment without returning to the captain all the knowledge that they had delivered. If the captain consents to the disembarkation or the change of consignment without having retired the knowledge, he will be responsible for the cargo to the legitimate carrier of them. ARTICLE 1054. Siempre que los cargadores no puedan devolver los conocimientos morden otorgar fianza a satisfaction del capitán por el valor íntegro de la carga, y no otorgándola, no podrá ser compelido a entregar las mercaderías ni a firmar nuevos conocimientos para distinta consignación. ARTICLE 1055. Falleciendo el capitán or ceasando en su oficio antes de hacerse a la mar, los cargadores exigirán al sucessor la revalidación de los conocimientos, y no exigiéndola, el sucessorá only responderá de la carga existente a bordo cuando entró ejercer su empleo. Machine Translated by Google El capitán que revalide los conocimientos de su antecesor sin previo examen de su conformance con la carga, responderá de las faltas que latera se notaren. If for the revalidation the captain requires the recognition of the cargo, the cost of this diligence will be borne by the shipper, without prejudice to his right to collect the costs of the cessing captain if he has left it for having given reason for his removal. ARTICLE 1056. Before starting the download, the carrier of knowledge must present it to the captain so that the goods are delivered directly to him? y omitiendo hacerlo, serán de su cueta los gastos de almacenaje y comisión de depósition, si el capitán lo hubiere solicitado. ARTICLE 1057. The bearer of un knowledge does not respond to the fulfillment of the obligations contained in the contract policy, unless the knowledge contains the clause "according to the charter policy" or another equivalent. ARTICLE 1058. The consignee will give the captain the knowledge at the time of receipt of the cargo and in one of the copies will put the corresponding receipt. Siendo moroso en la entrega del conocimiento con recibo, el consignatario will respond to the capitán de los daños y perjuicios que le ocasione la delay. No incurre en mora el consignatario que retarda la entrega del recibo hasta el resultado del recognition de sus mercaderías. ARTICLE 1059. Se prohíbe al capitán hacer entrega de la carga si concurren a exigerla varios portatores de conocimientos relativos a unas mismas mercaderías. ARTICLE 1060. Llegado el case foreseen in the previous article the captain will put the charge at the disposal of the respective Juzgado para que orderne su deposito with noticia de los interesados, oiga a éstos y resuelva acerca de la propiedad y entrega de las mercaderías. The interested parties and the depositary in their case, must request the sale of merchandise that by its nature or by its state is exposed to suffering some deterioration. El producto de la venta, deducidos los costos y deposito comisiones, será judicialmente consignado. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1061. Los conocimientos redactados y signados en la forma indicato en el article 1048 hacen fe entre las partes interesadas en la carga y entre estas y los insuradores, salvo la prueba de que hubo fraude o colusión. ARTICLE 1062. No estando conforme los conocimientos de un mismo cargomento se estará al contenido del presentado por el capitán, si estuviere escrito su totalita or llenado mano de la mismo cargamento or del dependent encargado de la expedición de su tráfico o al contexto del exhibición por el cargamento , siendo escrito o llenado por el capitán. Si todos los conocimientos presentados tuvieren, la qualidad le expresa el parrafore se estará al resultado de las demás produces que produzcan las parts. ARTICLE 1063. En defecto de póliza de fletamento se entiende que éste ha sido ajustado en los terminos y con las condiciones que expressen los conocimientos. The questions offered by the charter policy will be resolved by knowledge. ARTICLE 1064. El conocimiento cancela los receiptos provisionales de fecha anterior qué el capitán y sus subalternos hubieren giveno al cargador. ARTICLE 1065. The captain will not be admitted to the exception of the fact that he signed the knowledge in confidence and under the promise that the cargo designated in him would be delivered to him. ARTICLE 1066. The demands between the captain and the shipper who refer to the cargo will necessarily be supported by the knowledge, and without the display of this it will not be given a course. CHAPTER VII De los pasajeros ARTICLE 1067. The passenger has the right to be fed by the captain, unless otherwise agreed. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1068. If a passenger embarks clandestinely, the captain will be able to use the right conferred by the first and third paragraphs of article 996 with the modifications required to transport persons. ARTICLE 1069. Sea en el puerto de salida, sea en el de escala or en el de arribada, el pasajero deboa embarcarse el day y hora que señala el capitán? y si por su culpa partiere el buque sin él, deba pagar integramente el pasaje convenido. ARTICLE 1070. Hallando el buque pronto para darse a la mar, los pasajeros no podrán bajar a tierra sin permisso del capitán bajo la responsabilidad que impo el article previo. ARTICLE 1071. El pasajero no puede ceder a otro sin conocimiento del capitán su derecho a ser transportado. ARTICLE 1072. If the passenger voluntarily withdraws from the trip before the ship goes to sea, he will pay the captain half of the stipulated passage and if the withdrawal occurs during navigation, he will be charged in full. ARTICLE 1073. The contract is rescinded without compensation for the suspension of the trip before the ship's departure, provided that such an event is caused by major force or fortuitous event, not originating from the captain's fault. Suspended or interrupted the journey después de principiado, the captain will collect only the fare that corresponds to the distance covered if it is of any use to the passenger. ARTICLE 1074. If in the case proposed in article 1019 the passenger resolves to wait for the repair of the ship, he will not be obliged to increase the value of the stipulated passenger. In this same case, the passenger will be able to continue his journey on another ship by subscribing the passenger in proportion to the part of the journey that had been verified. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1075. Se prohíbe al capitán arrivar o tenerse en parte alguna a solicitud o en interes de los pasajeros. Sin embargo, if a passenger is attacked by a contagious illness, he must be disembarked in an inhabited place, even against his will. ARTICLE 1076. Consumidas o inutilizadas las provisions de los pasajeros en el caso de la excepción determinada en el artículo 1067 por cualquier motivo que se, el capitán debora proporcariles los víveres necesarios a un precio equitativo. ARTICLE 1077. The obligation to pay the passage is subordinated to the event of the ship's arrival at the port of its destination. ARTICLE 1078. Falleciendo el pasajero antes principiarse el voyage, sus herederos must pay half of the pasaje convenido, deducidas las costas mantención, si estuvieren comprendidas en el price de transporte. But if the death occurs during the trip they will be obliged to pay the full fare. ARTICLE 1079. No increase in fare for persons born during navigation. ARTICLE 1080. El pasajero se reputa cargador de los objetos que lleve en el buque and enjoy de los derechos de tal, siempre que puta dichos objetos al cuidado y guarda del capitán. But if the passenger keeps them under his own custody, the captain will not be responsible for the loss or damages they suffer unless they are caused by the fault of him or the crew. ARTICLE 1081. Los objetos que el pasajero introduces al buque están afectos privilegiadamente al pago del pasaje y de los expenses que hubiere causado durante el viaje. ARTICLE 1082. Machine Translated by Google Fuera de la obligation que el article 892 imposes a los pasajeros, éstos tienen la de prestar asistencia al capitán en todos los casos urgentes que la exijan para la salvación del buque. TITLE V Of the risks and damages of maritime transport CHAPTER I General regulations ARTICLE 1083. There are errors in the legal meaning of this word: 1º- Todos los daños que sufre el buque, cargado o en lastre, antes de hacerse a la mar, durante el voyage o después de fondeado en el porto de su destino, y los que reciben las mercaderías desde su disembarque en lanchas u otros buques minores, en el lugar de la expedición hasta su disembarque en el de la consignación? 2º-Todos los gastos extraordinarios e imprevisitos causados durante el viaje para la conservación del buque, de la carga or de ambos a la vez. ARTICLE 1084. There are no breakdowns in ordinary cases: 1º- costas puertos; Los pilots de y 2º-Los gastos anchas remoques? de y 3º-Los derechos llamados de puerto? 4º-Los gastos de alijo del buque que por falta de agua no puede hacerse a la mar o entrar al puerto de su destino toda carga? con su 5º-In general, todos los gastos ordinarios de la navigation. Todos los enunciados son de la exclusiva cuenta del naviero a menos que en las pólizas o en los conocimientos se hubiere estipulado otra cosa. ARTICLE 1085. A falta de convenciones especiales la responsabilidad, liquidación y pago de las árías serán determined in accordance with the dispositions of this title. ARTICLE 1086. In the repair of breakdowns made outside the territory of the Republic, the laws and usages of the place will be observed donde se verificare. ARTICLE 1087. Machine Translated by Google The fault is common or particular. CHAPTER II De la avería común, de la resolution para causaralla y de la echazón ARTICLE 1088. It is considered as common damage not only the damage that by virtue of motivated deliberations and before or after learning the voyage are caused jointly or separately to the ship and its cargo to save them from an imminent risk of the sea, but also the damage caused by consecuencia directa e inevitable del sacrificio y los expenses imprevisatos executados en profito común las épocas y forma indicatas. ARTICLE 1089. Corresponds to the class of common faults: 1º-La entrega cualquier cosa hecha a los enemigos o piratas por composición ya título de rescue del buque, del cargomento both cosas a la vez? 2º-Los sueldos and expenses of the hostages during their detention until their return to the ship or their domicile? 3º-Los gastos made to jointly claim the freedom of the ship and cargo captured and the cost of residence of the captain, officers and crew during the detention, including salaries and maintenance? 4º-Los daños que recibe el buque o el cargomento defending against enemies or pirates, la pérdida de municiones guerra consumed en el combate y las componencias prometidas o dadas a los hombres mar para stimular su valor? 5º-Los gastos de curación, manutención y asistencia de los hombres mar y pasajeros heridos, mutilados o stropeados in defense del buque or en el servicio de la maneuvera durante el combate, y los sueldos que los primeros devenguen hasta su completo restablecimiento? 6º-Los salaries, manutención y rescate del hombre de mar que hubiere sido preso o detenido hallándose occupado en tierra o mar en servicio del buque. Salaries and maintenance of seafarers corresponding to the time the ship waits for a convoy or stays in a neutral port for fear of enemies or pirates or if the port of its destination is blocked? 7º-La pérdida de las cosas rojadas al mar para aligerar el buque, sea que pertenezcan a él, al cargomento oa la crewación, y el daño que cause la chazón a las que quedaren a bordo? 8º-La cortadura or deliberate inutilization of the masts, cables, moorings, sails or any other object accesorio del buque? 9º-The voluntary abandonment of anchors, boats, lanchas and other equipment to save the ship from a boarding or from any other sea risk? 10.-Los daños causados por el forzamiento de velas to preserve the ship or the cargo of an imminent danger? 11.-El daño intentionally caused to the ship to extinguish a fire or facilitate the draining, echazón, el alijo or la extraction de la carga y el occasionado por consecuencia de estas operaciones? Machine Translated by Google 12.-Los gastos de aljo or trasbordo de una parte de la carga with the design of taking a port that is not the destination of the ship and saving it from the persecution of enemies or pirates, from a storm or from any other sea risk y la pérdida de las merchandises alijadas o trasbordadas por el deterioro que les el aljo, trasbordo o reembarque? 13.-The salaries and maintenance of the crew in cases of forced arrival in common benefit, but only those corresponding to the time strictly necessary to satisfy the urgency that would have been caused, the rights of entry and exit from the port, the costs of unloading y recarga y el alquiler de los almacenes en que se depositen las mercaderías que no puedan remainar a bordo durante la reparación? 14.-The break in value of the merchandise sold in a forced arrival to repair the ship of a damage suffered by an accident that constitutes common damage, the maritime profit, the commission of the gross loans, taken to cover the expenses of reparación y el premium del seguro de esos mismos gastos? 15.-The damages caused jointly or separately to the ship or cargo by the voluntary mooring carried out with the aim of saving them from a sea risk and the expenses incurred to put the ship afloat: 16.-Los gastos causados en el recognition, clasificación y distribución de una vería common? 17-In general, todas las pérdidas, daños y gastos que rúnan las circunstancias que expresa el article 1088. ARTICLE 1090. To determine the responsibility of the insurer of the ship and that of the giver of the hull and keel, they will also be considered as common damage the damages the ship suffers and the expenses incurred while sailing in ballast, as long as they are of the nature of los indicados en el article 1088. ARTICLE 1091. The common breakdowns are the responsibility of the ship, the freight and the merchandise that exist in it at the time of the risk and will be paid for by the contribution of the owners of the expressed objects. Consequently, they contribute to the payment of common damage: 1º-El buque por el valor que tenga en el porto de la discharge? 2º-El flete íntegro que devengue por los pasajeros, las mercadarías vadas y las sacrificadas en beneficio common, previa deducción de los costos de manutención y sueldos del captain y de la crewación? 3º-Las mercadarías existentes a bordo, incluso las que veien transportadas en el combés o bajo la coveradora sin los duetos conocimientos? 4º-Las merchandises sold to occur to las necessidades del buque y la quantity en que se estimen las que fueron sacrificadas? 5º-La moneda effective perteneciente al buque, cargadores y pasajeros segun el curso del cambio en el lugar donde termine el viaje. Contributyen también los sueldos del captain y crewación en el caso de rescue. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1092. The rule established in paragraph 1 of the preceding article is applicable to the case in which the salvation of the buque o su carga no sea debida a los medios deliberadamente empleados para su preservation. It is equally applicable to the case that the ship and cargo saved from a disaster are lost after that otro ocurrido en el progresso de la navegación, siempre que se salven algunos de los objetos existentes a bordo en la época del primero. ARTICLE 1093. No gazan del beneficio de la contribution: 1º-The damage that does not pass of the hundredth part of the value of the ship or of the cargo to which they belong objetos sacrificadas? o las mercaderías veren embarcadas sin 2º-Las duetosmerchandise conocimientos? que los 3º-Las mercadarias cargadas sobre el combés del buque without the unanimous consent of all of them persons designated in paragraph 7 of article 910. In this last case, the shipper will respond to the loss or damage even when the goods are in possession sido colocadas sobre el combés con anuencia del cargador a quien pertenezcan. ARTICLE 1094. The merchandise thrown into the sea and recovered afterwards will enter the regulation of the damage only by him valor del menosabo que tuvenon y por los gastos hechos para salvarlas. Si el importe de esas mercederías hubiere sido incluido en la avería common y paidado a los propietarios antes de verificarse el recobro, éstos devolverán la cuota recibida retenienendo único lo que les correspond in razon del deterioro y gastos del salvamento. ARTICLE 1095. They do not contribute to the indemnification of common damage: 1º-Las municiones guerra ni las de boca destinada al consumo del buque? 2º-La ropa y vestidos ya usados del capitán, oficiales y crewación? 3º-La ropa y vestidos también usados de cada uno de los cargadores, sobrecargos y pasajeros hasta el monto del valor que se asigne a los que el capitán excluya de la contribution? 4º -Las mercaderias perdidas en un sinistero anterior. ARTICLE 1096. Corresponds to the junta de oficiales del buque resolver la execution de los daños y gastos que constituyan avería común. Machine Translated by Google Los cargadores y sus sobrecargos serán citados a la junta y oídos por ésta para que, instructidos del accordo, hagan la protesta que les convenga? pero no tarrán voto deliberativo. The resolutions of the majority of the board will be executed regardless of the opposition of the shippers or overcharges and under the responsibility of the members who agreed. In this case, the right of the cargadores que de la junta who would have voted for the damage with dolo negligence or ignorance will be saved, if they are deemed to be prejudiced to claim indemnification from the voters. Having empathy, the captain will have a vote of quality. ARTICLE 1097. Si la imminencia del perilero no permitiere al capitán recabar la opinión de los oficiales ni oír a los cargadores o sobrecargos podra por sí solo resolver, bajo su responsabilidad la execución del damage o expenses que juzgue necesarios a la salvación common. Can it also be separated from the agreement of the junta if it judges it to be opposed to the common interest? but in this case he will only respond to the damages and damages caused by his resolutions. ARTICLE 1098. Permitiéndolo the urgency of the case, the captain will extend in the log book the resolutions of the board before carrying them into effect. The act will express the citation and audience of the shippers or overchargers present, the reasons that motivated the resolution and the opposing votes, with the grounds alleged by the dissident voices, and will be signed personally or at the request of all the persons who assisted the junta. The captain will put an authorized copy of the act in the Secretariat of the ordinary court of the first Guatemalan port where he arrives, within twenty-four hours counted from the moment the ship is admitted to a free trial, ratifying at the same time under protest all the facts que aquella contenga. If the port of first arrival was foreign, the presentation and ratification of the act will be made before the Guatemalan Consul and, in its default, before the authorities that designate the last paragraph of paragraph 17 of article 908. ARTICLE 1099. Omitted the citation and hearing of the shippers or overchargers present, they will be exonerated from contributing to common damage and the captain must pay for them the corresponding quota in the distribution, except in the case provided for in the first paragraph of article 1097. ARTICLE 1100. As soon as the danger that would have obliged the captain to solve a common accident by himself has ceased, he must extend and sign in the log book a circumstantial relationship of the event, expressing the reasons for his determination and those that he would have had to skip the meeting de la junta y la audiencia de los cargadores o sobrecargos. Machine Translated by Google Los oficiales y los owners or representatives of the cargo will be able to sign the relationship, but if there is firmaren morden ratificar opportunemente su contenido. The relationship will be presented and ratified by the captain in the form and within the term that he prescribes article 1088. ARTICLE 1101. Siempre que la junta de oficiales o el capitán por sí solo resolviere arrojar al mar parte de la carga o algunos objetos accesorios del buque, la chazón se hárá en el orden siguiente: 1º-Las mercaderías placed sobre del buque? el combés 2º-Los objetos menos necesarios al servicio de la o del buque? crewación, 3º-Las mercaderias más pesadas valor? y de menos 4º-Las que se hallen en el primer puente y después las del segundo, siendo unas y otras de la misma class. This order can be altered by the captain in agreement with the officers if they require it condicions del arrumaje de la carga y demás circunstancias del caso. ARTICLE 1102. Concluded la chazón, el capitán anotará al pie de la relación respectivea los objetos rojados y los damages que el buque y el resto de la carga hubieren sufrido por consequencia immediata y directa de la operación. The annotation will be signed by the captain and the officers, and can be rectified at the time of download por la precipitation y conflicto de la echazón se hubiere omitido mention alguno de los objetos arrojados. CHAPTER III De la justification, regulation y repartimiento de las averías comunes ARTICLE 1103. The justification, regulation and repartimiento of the common fault will be done at the request of the captain before him competent tribunal del puerto de la descarga, sea guatemalteco o extranjero, con citation y audiencia de todos los interesados presentes o sus consignatarios en la forma que determine la ley. If all interested parties are not present, the citation and hearing of the two principals will suffice consignatarios. A falta de personas que legally representen a los interestedes absentes, se nombrará un defensor de bienes que gestione por ellos. ARTICLE 1104. If the captain does not comply opportunely with the obligation that he imposes on the first paragraph of the article anterior, el naviero, los cargadores y cualquiera otra persona interesada podran provocare el juicio sobre arrego de la avería común, salvo su derecho para exigir indemnización de daños y perjuicios que les cause the delay. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1105. The operations expressed in article 1103 may be carried out at the shipping port in the following cases: 1º-When the judgment of the respective tribunal hubiere sido imposible the justification, regulation and distribution of the damage in the port of the discharge? 2º-Siempre que acaeciendo la chazón en un punto cercano al porte de la originencia, el buque regregarere a él o arribare a otro immediato y el proprietario de las mercaderías arrojadas las replazare con otras de igual clase y calidad. ARTICLE 1106. It is understood by port of discharge not only of the destination of the expedition but also the one in which the major part of the cargo is unloaded, attended to its value, and the one in which the trip is concluded because it is not possible to continue it or by revocation or forced shortening of the mismo, salvo que en el primero de estos tres ultimos casos la carga seaa conducida en otro buque. ARTICLE 1107. Las averías will be justified with the acta o relación de que tratan los artículos 1098 y 1099, siendo ratificada por las persons que hubieren suscrito. The captain will be able to confirm the contents of the report with the declaration of the passengers and in default with the men of the crew. El acta admite prueba en contrario y su falta puede ser suplida por cualquiera de los medios probatorios que establece este Código. ARTICLE 1108. Al presentar el acta el capitán pedirá el nombramiento, de peritos que, bajo protesta, recónozcan y sencien apertura de las escotillas e immediately informen por escrito acerca de lo que hubieren observado respecto al estado del buque y carga. ARTICLE 1109. En vista de las pruebas que produzcan los interesados, the tribunal will declare the legitimacy or illegitimacy of the avería. In the first case, he will have the corresponding classification of the damage and dispondrá que los interestedes nombern peritos, tanto para el justiprecio del buque, carga, pérdidas y deterioros, cuanto para la liquidación y prorrateo de la avería común. In the second case, the captain will be ordered to pay damages and damages to which he would have been entitled by law. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1110. Aceptado y jurado el cargo, los peritos estimarán las mercaderías perdidas y el menosabo que hubieren sufrido las salvadas. Las merchandises perdidas se estimarán, deducidos el flete, derechos de importación y gastos ordinarios, por el precio corriente que tengan otras de la misma clase en el porto de la descarga. The species and quality of the merchandise lost will be justified by the knowledge and, in default, by the invoices or by any other legal proof. Las pérdidas or damages caused to the ship in its hull and accessories will be estimated by the value they have at the time of the breakdown. ARTICLE 1111. The salvaged merchandise will be estimated, previa su inspection y recognition, por el precio corriente en el porto de la descarga, deducidos los fletes, derechos de importación, gastos ordinarios y la avería particular que hubieren sufrido durante la navegación. Haciendo la liquidación y reparto de la avéría common en el port de la origina del buque, las salvedas mercadarías serán estimación según el precio curriente que tengan at time de la carga, aggregating los embarquedos y exclúyendo del premium del buque, si lo biere . In the cases of revocation of the voyage or sale of merchandise in a port of forced arrival to support the urgent needs of the ship, the estimate of salvaged merchandise will be made for the current price of the place where the revocation or sale occurs. The vessel and its accessories will be appreciated according to the state of service in which they are found. ARTICLE 1112. If the quality of the salvaged merchandise is superior to the one that expresses the knowledge, they will contribute to the payment of the damage by the estimate that is made of them. The lost merchandise will be paid, in the proposed case, for the price assigned according to the declared quality. If the quality of the salvaged goods is inferior to the one that expresses the knowledge, they will contribute to the value set for them in accordance with their quality. The lost merchandise will be paid at the current price. ARTICLE 1113. Verificado el justiprecio de que tratan los artículos 1110 y 1111, los ritos encargado de la liquidación y prorrateo de la avería común will form tres estados generales? el primero del pasivo repartible? the second of the active taxpayer, and the third of the repartimiento de la avería entre los interesados. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1114. The repartible liability will include: 1º-Los gastos hechos en beneficio common? 2º-The amount of the disbursements made during the trip to the unloading port to replace the objects belonging to the ship, sacrificed in common profit? 3º-The current price that they have in the loading port of the lost goods and the import of the damaged goods? 4º-El flete correspondente a las mercaderías perdidas? 5º-The salaries of the experts who intervene in the justification, regulation and repartimiento of the common fault. The values indicated in paragraph 3 will appear in this state by the estimation made by the appraisers. ARTICLE 1115. The active constituent will consist of: 1º-Del precio corriente que tengan en el lugar de la descarga las mercadarías salvadas, perdidas y averiadas? 2º-Del valor que tengan al tiempo del siniestro los objetos pertenecientes al buque que hubieren sido sacrificados? 3º-Of the value of the ship and its accessories and of the entire fleet made the deductions expressed in paragraph 2 of article 1091. En este estado no figurará en partida separada el flete de las mercaderías arrojadas. ARTICLE 1116. In the third place, salary per pound will be distributed between taxpayers and the total amount of damage will be distributed. (5) ARTICLE 1117. Los taxpayers que no hubieren sufrido avería comun pagarán la cuota que les corresponding en el estado del repartimiento. Los que hubieren sufrido will compensate their credit with their debit up to the concurrent amount and collect or pay the difference. ARTICLE 1118. Machine Translated by Google All the operations of the liquidation will be presented to the tribunal that knows about them for its approval, prior hearing of the interested parties present or their legitimate representatives. ARTICLE 1119. The captain will be effective in the repartimiento and will respond to those interested in damages and damages caused by his negligence or morosity. ARTICLE 1120. The contributors will satisfy their respective quotas dentro de seventa y dos roras contadas desde la que designa la notification del auto approbatorio del repartimiento. No paying within that term, the captain will ask for the sale of the salvaged merchandise up to the amount necessary to cover unpaid fees and execution costs. ARTICLE 1121. The captain will not be obliged to deliver, to the taxpayers, their merchandise until the contribution is covered, unless the person interested in receiving them gives a solidary bond for the import of their quota. ARTICLE 1122. The owner of the lost or deteriorated merchandise can claim directly from his insurer, the corresponding indemnification, save the latter's right to repeat the payment of all those who must contribute to the common breakdown. CHAPTER IV De la avería particular ARTICLE 1123. Avería particular es todo daño que sufre el buque o el cargomento, desde su embarque hasta su descarga, por accidente de mar o fuerza mayor, vicio propio de la cosa o culpa del naviero, capitán, crewación cargadores, pasajeros o cualquiera otra persona, y todo gasto hecho en exclusive beneficio del buque, del cargomento de una parte de éste. ARTICLE 1124. They belong to the class of particular faults: 1º-Las cosas que toman los presadores del buque without preceding agreement and las que les entrega spontáneamente cualquiera de los cargadores para salvar sus mercaderías? Machine Translated by Google 2º-Los gastos de la reclamation established to obtain separately the freedom of the ship or the cargo, and the salaries and maintenance of the seamen during the trial. 3º-La pérdida del buque y resto de la carga después del aljo? 4º-The repair of the barrels, pipes or any other containers and the expenses incurred for the conservation of the damaged goods, unless the damage comes immediately from a cause that characterizes common damage? 5º Los gastos de salvamento? 6º-La diferencia entre el price de la sale y el que tengan en el porto su destino las merchandises sold to attend to the urgent needs of the ship in the case of forced arrival por accidente de mar? 7º-Los gastos de arribada, ejecutada con el fin de provisionar el buque o repararlo de los damages causados por tempestad or otro accidente de mar? 8º-The salaries and maintenance of seafarers during the detention by legitimate order or force, whether the ship has been chartered for a voyage or for months? 9º-El aumento de flete y los descarga costs en el case de innavegabilidad declarada, siempre que las mercaderías sean conducidas en otro buque por cuenta de los cargadores? 10.-The maintenance and salaries of the crew while the ship remains in ordinary quarantine? 11.-In general, todos los damages and expenses that do not redunden en beneficio common del buque y su cargo y que no merezcan el concepto de avería comon conforme lo determinado en el article 1088. ARTICLE 1125. The owner of the thing that had suffered the damage or caused the expense will bear the particular damage, without prejudice to his right to claim the competent indemnification if it had been occasioned by the fault of a third party. ARTICLE 1126. Se exceptúan de la rule previous: 1º-El echamiento a pique del buque incendiado or del más immediato a él to avoid the propagation of the fire? 2º-Los salaries and aliments of the crew in the case of detention of the vessel chartered for months? 3º-The costs of an unforeseen quarantine at the time of celebrating the charter and the salaries and maintenance of the seafarers during the same? 4º-El daño de las merchandías confundidas por voluntada de los cargadores or por caso fortuito, siempre que no sea posible determinar quien es el eño de las averiadas o perdidas? 5º-Los daños que el abordaje de dudosa imputation produzcan a los buques que chocan o se moorran. In all previous cases, the damage will be paid for by the contribution of the interested parties. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1127. In case of total or partial insurance of the ship or its cargo, the insurers will pay the particular damage according to the rules established in the title of maritime insurance. CHAPTER V Del abordaje ARTICLE 1128. El daño causado por el abordaje fortuito will be borne without repetition by the ship that had it suffered, without prejudice to insurance, if it exists. ARTICLE 1129. If the boarding was caused by fraud, negligence or inexperience of the captain or crew, of one of the ships that collide, the damage will be compensated by the culprit. Siendo causado por culpa de los dos captaines o de las dos crewaciones, cada buque suportará el damage que le sobrevenga. ARTICLE 1130. In the cases of culpable boarding, the captain is responsible to the shipowner for the damage to the ship and cargo save his right against the officers and crew, as long as the boarding is imputable. ARTICLE 1131. If the boarding occurs when the ship is directed by a practical pilot, the captain condemned to pay for the damage will be able to claim the corresponding compensation from the referred pilot. ARTICLE 1132. If there is any doubt about the cause of the boarding, the damaged ships will be split in half. ARTICLE 1133. El abordaje se presume fortuito? pero se reputará culpable de parte del capitán del buque que se encuentre en alguno de los siguientes: Machine Translated by Google 1º-If the ship is badly grounded by inobservance of the regulations and uses of the port, or if sus anclas sin las boyas necessarias? 2º-Si zarpare de noche sin haberse puesto previously en franquía, o navegare a toda máquina a la inmediación de otro que estuviere fondeado oa la capa? 3º-If at the entrance of a port the ship tries to take the lead of another that precedes it, or if at the salida no cediere el paso al que entrare al puerto? 4º-Si navegando con wind en popa, en una dirección tal que pueda encontarse con otro en un punto de intersection, no tomare las precauciones necessarias para evitar el abordaje? 5º-If the ship, cualquiera que sea el punto donde se encuentre, no tuviere encendidas sus luces siendo de noche. ARTICLE 1134. Si después del abordaje perece el buque al dirigirse a un puerto de arribada para reparar sus averías, se presume that the loss has been caused by that accident. CHAPTER VI Of the forced arrival ARTICLE 1135. Llamase arribada forzosa la entrada necesaria del buque a un puerto o lugar distinto del prefijado para el viaje convenido ARTICLE 1136. The forced arrival is legitimate or illegal. Es legitima la que procede de caso fortuito inevitable, e illegítima la que trae su origen del dolo, negligencia o impericia del capitán. ARTICLE 1137. Son justas causas de arribada: 1º-La de 2º-El enemigos 3º-Cualquier falta accidente en la crewación o el buque, víveres? que le habilite para continuar el voyage. fear fundado de o pirates? ARTICLE 1138. La justicia de la causa no legitima la arribada los siguientes casos: Machine Translated by Google 1º-If the loss of food comes from its corruption or loss due to poor placement or neglect in its custody and conservation, has the necessary supply been made according to use and navigation circumstances? 2º-If the risk of enemies or pirates is not manifest and founded on positive and justified facts, 3º-If the plague or other diseases of the crew proceed from the poor quality of the food that forms the provisioning of the ship? 4º-If the disqualification of this provincial de not haberlo repaired, petrechado y equipado conveniente para el voyage, de alguna disposition desacertada del capitán o de no haber tomado la que convenía para evitar el descalabro. ARTICLE 1139. The resolution of the forced arrival corresponds to the junta de oficiales y se llevará a efecto lo que acuerde la majoria de vocales, calculated in the terms of article 1096. Los cargadores presentos o sobrecargos serán citados a la junta para los efectos que indicato el article precitado. The act will be drafted, signed and presented in the form that prescribes article 1098, and the protests will be inserted literally in it. ARTICLE 1140. Will the costs of the legitimate arrival of the ship and the cargo be the responsibility of the ship and the cargo? pero si la arribada trajere su origen un hecho constitutivo de varía particular, los expenses serán de la exclusiva cuenta del buque. Los gastos de la arribada illegítima son de la responsabilidad del naviero, salvo su derecho para claimar la bida indemnización de la persona que la hubiere causado. ARTICLE 1141. The navigator and the captain are not responsible for the damages and damages caused by the legitimate arrival. But if the arrival was illegitimate, both will be solidarily obliged to indemnify the cargadores. ARTICLE 1142. The captain will not be able to unload the merchandise at the port of forced arrival unless in the following cases: 1º-If the shippers require it to prevent the damage of the goods? 2º-Si la descarga fuere reparación del buque? 3º-If it is recognized that the cargo hasindispensable suffered damage. to make it Machine Translated by Google In the two last cases, will the captain request the competent authorization of the respective Court? y si el puerto de arribada fuere extranjero, del Cónsul guatemalteco o, en su defecto, de la autoridad local. The costs of unloading and recharging will be borne by the shippers. ARTICLE 1143. Noting that the cargo has suffered a breakdown, the captain will make the protest that prescribes paragraph 17 of article 908 before the competent authority and fulfill the orders that the shipper present or his consignee communicate to him about the damaged merchandise. ARTICLE 1144. When the owner of the damaged merchandise or the person representing him is found, the captain will ask the respective Court, the Consular Agent or the local authority in their respective cases, the appointment of experts so that, prior recognition of the damaged merchandise, inform about la naturela y extensión de la avería, de los medios de repairla o evitar su propagation, y si será o no conveniente el reembarque y condición de las mercaderías al porto de la consignación. In view of the report of the experts, the authority that knows the case will provide the repair and reshipment of the goods, which are kept in storage according to the judgment convenient to the interests of the owner, and the captain will carry out the effect under his responsibility decretare. ARTICLE 1145. Ordering the repair and re-embarkation, the captain will use successively to cover the expenses that such operations require, the arbitrios that are expressed below: 1º-Tomar de la caja del buque the necessary quantity, with qualita de reintegrato y abono del interes corriente? 2º-Contratar a loan a la gruesa sobre las mismas merchandiserías, previa authorization según lo prescribe 8º 901? 3º-Solicitar de la autoridad competente la venta pública de las mercaderías averiadas, hasta la quantity indispensable para coverel los expenses. incision del article The captain, or the giver in his case, have the privilege of todos los creedores para ser reintegrados del capital e interestes de loan con el producto de las mercaderías averiadas. ARTICLE 1146. Decretando el deposito, el capitán dará cuenta al cargador oa su consignatario para que resuelva lo que mejor le convenga. Pero si el estado de las mercaderías ofreciere un imminente perígiro de pérdida or augmento de posterioro, el capitán pedirá que se proceda immediatente a su venta en pública abasta. With his product he will pay the costs incurred and the freight that he had incurred on the ship in proportion to the distance traveled, and he will deposit the rest to the order of the interested party, giving him the corresponding notice. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1147. El capitán está obligado, bajo responsabilidad de daños y perjuicios, a continuar el viaje tan luego como cese la causa de la arribada forced. But if it is motivated by fear of enemies or pirates, the captain will not be able to do it again at sea without the previous agreement of the board of officials in the form that determines article 1096. ARTICLE 1148. Corresponds to the captain of the custody of the unloaded goods until they are delivered, re-embarked, deposited or sold and save fortuitous or de fuerza mayor cases, he will be personally responsible for their conservation. CHAPTER VII Del naufragio y varamiento ARTICLE 1149. Perdiéndos la esperanza de salvar el buque y permitiéndolo la urgencia del caso, el capitán will reunirá junta de oficiales en la forma que dispone el article 1096 y sotermá a su deliberación, si atendidas las circunstances, debe o no abandonarse el buque. Resolving the abandonment, the captain will fulfill the obligations imposed on him by paragraphs 8 and 9 of article 908 and if the shipwreck is consummated, he will collect the fragments of the ship and the remains of the cargo. ARTICLE 1150. Naufragando el buque que va en convoy o en conserva, se distributará entre los demás que lo compañen, en proportion al espacio que cada uno tenga disembarazado, la parte de la carga y pertrechos que se hubieren salvado. If any of the captains refuse without just cause to receive the part of the cargo that corresponds to him, the shipwrecked captain will protest against him before the two marine officers, the damages and damages that cause his negativity and ratify the protest in the first port of arrival inside of the legal term. A copy of the protest will be added to the information process that deals with section 9 of article 908. ARTICLE 1151. The captain who receives shipwrecked merchandise is not obliged to change course to transport them to the port of consignment? but he must drive them to the destination of his ship and deliver them to the owners or consignees. Por falta de unos y otros, he will put the merchandise at the disposal of the respective tribunal to order his deposit on behalf of the interested parties. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1152. If, without changing course and continuing the same journey, it is possible to unload the damaged merchandise at the port to which they are destined, the captain will be able to arrive with this object, provided that the carriers or overchargers and the passengers and officers of the ship, consulted in the form that prescribes article 1096, that the port does not have a dangerous access and that there is no founded fear of pirates or enemies. The damages caused by the arrival executed without the consent of all persons expressed, as well as the damages, will be the responsibility of the captain. ARTICLE 1153. In the cases provided for in the two previous articles, the merchandises conducted are privileged to pay the freight and the costs of arrival, descarga, and any other thing that is done for the cause and benefit of it. The captain of the ship who verifies the transport of shipwrecked merchandise will enjoy the privilege that establishes the final paragraph of article 1145 for the amounts that he anticipates and the current interest. El flete, si no hubiere convenio, will be regulated by experts at the port of unloading, taking into consideration the distance traveled, the delay suffered by the ship, the difficulties overcome and the risks incurred to collect and put on board the merchandise. ARTICLE 1154. El capitán que sin halarse presente en los momentos del naufragio encontrare mercedarías nafragas, estará obligado recogerlas, transportarlas y entregarlas al proprietario oa la persona que la representa, cobrando los costos y fetes que correspondan. ARTICLE 1155. Siempre que el capitán naufrago or algun correspondent de los cargadores o consignatarios rehuse anticipar las quantitas necesarios para los fletes y expenses, el Juzgado respecivo will order to sell at public auction the part of the salvaged objects that it considers sufficient to cover its amount. ARTICLE 1156. No person shall be able to enter the ship under the pretext of rescuing it or saving it from shipwreck or stranding, undertake the salvage of that which is stranded or broken, or pick up shipwrecked objects that float in the sea or go ashore, without the express consent of the captain present o del oficial que lo replace. ARTICLE 1157. Machine Translated by Google The persons who have knowledge of a shipwreck or stranding on the coasts of the Republic or of the departure from them of the fragments of a ship or the remains of a cargo, will comply with the obligations imposed by law, being subject to action and pena que él establece siempre que se proprioten objetos náfragos. In the case of pillage, the conduct of the individuals who do not denounce the shipwreck or varamiento will be examined by the competent authority to investigate their complicity in that crime. ARTICLE 1158. The public functionary to whom a shipwreck or wreck occurring in the district of his jurisdiction is reported, will immediately move to the place of the event and dictate all measures conducive to the salvation of seafarers, the ship, its papers, books and cargo ya la conservación de los objetos que se puedan salvar. Evacuadas estas diligencias, dará cuenta al Juzgado del departmenta para que proceda a lo que haya lugar conforme a derecho. ARTICLE 1159. Outside the case indicated in article 1154, the salvaged objects will be sold at public auction if it is not possible to preserve them because they are damaged or exposed to loss or deterioration due to their own vices. The product of the sale will be judicially deposited by the person concerned. ARTICLE 1160. The shipowner and the shippers will be able to claim from the captain or the pilot the competent indemnification in accordance with the provisions of article 915, provided that the shipwreck or shipwreck comes from fraud, fault or inexperience of some of them. If the shipwreck or the shipwreck proceeds from the fact that the ship was not properly repaired and prepared for the voyage, the shipowner will respond exclusively to the shippers of the damages caused to the cargo, except for their rights against those who had practiced the survey ordered in paragraph 3 " of article 902. ARTICLE 1161. Are the objects salvaged from the shipwreck or the shipwreck or the liquid product sold privileged responsible for the expenses incurred and the wages due for the services rendered to save them? y los propietarios must pay the import of unos y otros antes de la entrega, a no ser que presten fianza a satisfaction de los interesados. ARTICLE 1162. Their rescue cases: Machine Translated by Google 1º-Si el buque o su carga veren repuestos en alta mar o conducidos a buen puerto y si veren extracted del fondo del mar algunos objetos pertenecientes al buque o cargamento? 2º-If the ship or merchandise found without direction en high sea or on the coast are salvaged? 3º-Si se salvare la carga del buque varado en la costa or arrojada contra las rompientes, encontrandos en un peligro tal que no ofrezca seguridad la crewación y mercaderías? 4º-Si se se extrae la carga de un buque destrozado? 5º-If the ship abandoned by the crew was occupied by persons determined to save it and drive it to a safe port with all the cargo or part of it. ARTICLE 1163. In the estimation of the rescue salary, the promptness of the service, the time employed in it, the number of people necessary to provide effective assistance, the nature of the service, the danger involved in providing it and the nature of the salvaged objects will be taken into consideration , la fidelity con que éstos hayan sido entregados y su valor determinado por peritos. ARTICLE 1164. Salaries will be fixed by the authority that presides over the rescue and, in its case, by the respective judge of the department. ARTICLE 1165. The first complainant of the shipwreck or wreck has the right to a first notice that will be regulated by the official who assists the rescue, atendidas las circunstancias del caseo. Reuniendo una misma persona the double quality of complainant and rescuer, the gratification of the salvage can be extended up to the third of the value of the salvaged objects, previa deducción del importo del asistencia y salvamento. ARTICLE 1166. The individuals who occupy the ship with the intention of saving it, will put it at the disposal of the captain or the officers at the first request that is directed to them, under penalty of losing their salary and responding to damages and damages. The delivery of the ship will save the rights acquired by the salvage. TITLE VI Of the loan a la gruesa oa riesgo marítimo Machine Translated by Google CHAPTER I General provisions ARTICLE 1167. Se reputará loan a la gruesa oa riesgo marítimo aquel en que, bajo cualquiera condición, dependa el reimbursement of the sum prestada y el premio por ella convenido del feliz arribo a puerto de los efectos sobre que esté hecho o del valor que obtengan en caso de siniestro. El que entrega la quantity se denomina "prestador o giver"? el que la recibe "prestatario o tomador"? y el premio convenido "cambio, provecho o interes marítóm". CHAPTER II De la forma y registro del loan de la cession de las pólizas ARTICLE 1168. El loan a la gruesa puede ser hecho por viaje redondo, sólo por la ida o sólo por la vuelta. Puede también? ser hecho por un tiempo limitado, sea con designación de viaje, sea por todos los que emprenda el buque en el tiempo que se fije. In case of doubt about the agreed trip, it will be understood that the loan has been made for the trip ida y vuelta. ARTICLE 1169. Los contratos a la gruesa must be celebrated in escritura pública or documento privado. Private policies will be judged if they are recognized in the form that determines article 982. Loans celebrated de palabra son ineficaces en juicio y no se admitrá prueba sobre ellos, salvo que el capital prestado no exceda de trescientos quetzales. ARTICLE 1170. The escritura de loan a riesgo marítimo must express: 1º-Los nombres, apellidos del tomador? y 2º-El capital domicile prestatodel convenido? premio3º-Los objetos y afectos del loan? y el pago al 4º-El viaje y los riegos marítimo que el donor haya tomado sobre sí? 5º -El nombre apellidos 6º-La y época 7º- del captain, así como su del domicile? La clase, nombre 8º-Las demás formalidades prescribed matrícula refund? para toda clase de escrituras. y del bouquet? y ARTICLE 1171. Machine Translated by Google If the designations indicated in numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the previous article are omitted in the writing or policy, the loan referred to will be considered as land and the donor will only have the right to the restitution of the capital and the payment of current interest de plaza sin privilegio. ARTICLE 1172. The gross loans made before starting the trip will be annotated in the cargo knowledge, designating the person to whom the captain must notify of his happy arrival at the unloading port. Omitidas the annotation and designation indicated, the consignee who would have accepted letters for the account of the load will be preferred to the bearer of the loan policy. Ignoranto who is the person to whom he must notify the happy arrival of the ship, the captain will be able to download and deliver the merchandise that he leads without contracting any responsibility in favor of the bearer of the loan policy. ARTICLE 1173. Las pólizas de loan a la gruesa pueden ser otorgadas y cedidas en la misma forma que los conocimientos. La cesion transfers to the transferor all the rights and obligations of the transferor and produces action in favor of that person to demand, in case of insolvency of the borrower, the capital prestato, the current interests of the land and the expenses. This action extends to the maritime sector, unless the parties expressly stipulate the opposite. ARTICLE 1174. Holding the large loan for a fixed period, the transferee will demand payment on the due date and if he does not obtain it, he will formalize the corresponding protest on the following day, under penalty of lapse of action. If the term is indeterminate, the assignee will request reimbursement on the same day that the notice of the event depends on the exigibility of the contract? y si no fuere paidado levantará al siguiente el respectiveo protesto. ARTICLE 1175. The interpretation of the obscure or doubtful clauses of the contract will be in favor of the borrower. CHAPTER III De las personas capaces para dar y tomar a la gruesa Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1176. Pueden tomar a la gruesa all those who have free administration of their goods. ARTICLE 1177. Son hábiles para tomar un loan a la gruesa, el propietario del buque, el naviero y los cargadores. El propietario que no sea naviero sólo podra contratrar un loan a la gruesa sobre el casco y quilla del buque? y siendo muchos los propietarios, the agreement of the majority will be required. El simple naviero no puede tomar a la gruesa sino sobre el armamento, vituallas y demás objetos que le tenezcan. ARTICLE 1178. El capitán no puede en caso alguno contract un loan a la gruesa en el lugar donde resida el naviero or su consignatario, a no ser que alguno de éstos intervenga en el grantamiento de escritura o polisa o le authorice especially por escrito para taker el loan . ARTICLE 1179. Si el buque fuere armado en otro lugar que el de la residence del naviero o consignatario, el capitán que haya sido provisto de fondos puede tomar dinero a la gruesa para, habilitarlo y ponerlo en estado de navegar. ARTICLE 1180. During navigation, the captain will not be able to celebrate a loan except in the case and with the solemnities prescribed in paragraph 8 of article 901. Contraviniendo aquellas dispositions, el capitán será personally responsible al dador de buena fe del cumplimento del contrato. Paying the shipper to the giver, he can claim from the captain the reimbursement of the loan amount and the corresponding premium after deducting the expenses usefully incurred in the repair of the ship. The giver of a loan contracted by the captain outside the case provided for in paragraph 8 of the aforementioned article, can he claim the privileged payment to the detriment of third parties? CHAPTER IV Of the capital and premium and of the things affected by the loan ARTICLE 1181. Machine Translated by Google Puede hacerse el loan a la gruesa not only in effective money but also in fungible things, estimated in una quantity fija, con tal que sean adequadas para el consumo de la crewación o servicio del buque y que puedan ser objeto de una speculación lícita. ARTICLE 1182. El cambio marítimo no está sujeto a tasa alguna y las partes por determinarlo libremente selanando una candidad dada por el viaje or una suma cierta por mes or por ida y vuelta y convenir en que el premio se aumente or disminuya according to the increase or diminution of the risks or the duration of the trip. In default of an express agreement, the survival of an increase or diminution of risks y la prolongación or acortamiento del voyage no clan derecho a un aumento or diminución del profito marítimo. ARTICLE 1183. Pueden ser obligadas al loana a la gruesa todas las cosas vendibles expuestas a riesgos marítimos. As a consequence, the large loan can only be contracted jointly or separately these objects: 1º-El casco quilla del bouquet? 2º-Los y aparejos del mismo? 3º-El armamento y vituallas? 4º-Las mercaderias cargadas. ARTICLE 1184. Constituido el loan a la gruesa sobre el casco y quilla quedan afectos privilegiadamente al pago del capital y cambio marítimo, el mismo buque, los apparejos, el armamento, y en general, todos los accesorios de él. Contraído sobre la carga, sin otra designation, quedan afectas en la forma expresada todas las mercaderías que la componen, siempre que la quantity prestada sea equivalent al valor convencional o estimativo que tengan? pero, en el caso contrario, the privilege will affect taxatively an undivided part, determined by the relationship of the sum provided with the full value of the load. Recayendo sobre un objeto determinado del buque o carga, el privilegio sólo afectara ese objeto en la proportion que establece el paragraph anterior. ARTICLE 1185. Se prohíbe under penalty of nullity todo convenio que directa o indirectlymente tienda a libertar al giver de la pérdida del capital prestato y de su premio. ARTICLE 1186. Machine Translated by Google No podrá tomarse a la gruesa sino hasta la suma concurrente al valor que los objetos afectos al pago tengan en el porto donde principien a correr los riesgos. ARTICLE 1187. Todo loan that exceeds the limit that designates the previous article can be declared null a request del dador, accreditando que hubo fraude de parte del tomador? y en tal caso, éste deboa restituir el capital con el premio estipulado, aun cuando el prestor no haya corrido riesgo alguno. No habiendo fraude valdrá el loan hasta el monto del valor que, a juicio de peritos tengan al tiempo del contrato los objetos afectos al pago? and the excess amount will be returned to the donor with interest corriente de plaza, aunque hayan perecido las cosas afectas al loan. Las reglas de los dos parragraphas precedentes serán también aplicables al caso en que el tomador no invierta en la carga toda la candidad prestada con ese objeto o no cargue todas las mercaderías recibidas en loan. ARTICLE 1188. No puede tomarse un loan a la gruesa sobre los objetos siguientes: 1º-La vida de los pasajeros y gente de gente la crew de 2º-Los salaries de la Mar? 3º-Los devengados; fletes no 4º-Las ganancias esperadas? 5º-Las cosas que estén corriendo los risgos de mar al tiempo del contracto? 6º-Los objetos asegurados o affectos al pago de un loan previous, salvo en la parte que no estuviere protegida o 7º-Las merchandises de lícíto gravada? comercio. ARTICLE 1189. El loan a la gruesa sobre el fete no devengado o las ganancias esperadas no confieren al dador más derecho que el repayment del capital sin interés alguno. ARTICLE 1190. The giver's privilege extends respectively to the gains realized by the cargador and los fletes devengados por el naviero, aun en el caso de haberlos recibido anticipadamente. Pero este privilegio no podra ser ejercitao sobre los fletes stipulados con la condición de que en todo event will be acquired by the borrower. ARTICLE 1191. Si en la escritura o póliza de un loana la gruesa sobre el cargomento se concediere la facultad de hacer escala, quedarán obligadas no sólo las mercaderías embarcadas en el porto de salida sino también las cargadas por el tomador durante el viaje. Machine Translated by Google Celebrado el loan a la gruesa por viaje redondo se entenderán afectas a él las mercaderías de retorno cargadas en el buque que designa la póliza del contrato. CHAPTER V De los derechos y obligaciones del borrower y prestor ARTICLE 1192. El loan a la gruesa puede ser fianzado y el fiador se entenderá solidariamente obligado con el tomador, a. menos que las partes accordaren otra cosa. ARTICLE 1193. El prestor a la gruesa takes por su cuenta todos los casos fortuitos y de fuerza mayor conocidos bajo la denominación de "fortuna de mar" que pueden causar la pérdida total de los objetos gravadas en el tiempo y en los lugares convenidos. Los riesgos podron ser conventionalmente ampliados? pero el dador a la gruesa cannot limit them except in the terms allowed in paragraph 2 of article 1198. ARTICLE 1194. If the principle and conclusion of the risks are not fixed in the contract policy, they will begin to run por cuenta del giver respecto del buque, aparejos, armamento y vituallas, desde el momento en que el buque se haga a la mar hasta que que que fondeado en el porto de su destino. En cuanto a las mercaderías, los riesgos commensarán correr desde que sean cargadas en lanchas u otros buques minores en el muelle o playa del puerto de la expedición y concluirán en el momento en que sean puestas en tierra en el puerto al que veren destinadas. This rule is not applicable, a menos de convenio en contrario, al caso en que la carga or la descarga se verify bajando o subiendo un río. ARTICLE 1195. El porto del destino es aquel a donde se dirige el buque cuando el giver returns por su cuenta los riesgos de ida o vuelta solamente, y el de la expedición cuando éstos corren a su cargo acumulativamente por la ida, permanencia y vuelta del buque. ARTICLE 1196. Los riesgos de merma, deterioro o pérdida de las cosas obligadas al loana la gruesa no son de la responsibility of the giver when such accidents come from some of these causes: 1º-Vicio obligada; propio de la what 2º-Dolo capitán tripulación; o voluntaria deculpa ruta del o 3º-Variación o de viaje después de principiado éste? 4º-Change of the ship designated in the contract, save that después de principiados los riesgos ocurra un caso fortuito or de fuerza mayor que haga indispensable el transbordo de la carga? Machine Translated by Google 5º-Dolo culpa 6º-Empleo del buque o en un comercio del tomador? prohibido. En todos los casos indicados el donor tiene derecho al reimbursement del capital prestato y premio convenido, a no ser que las partes acuerden lo contrario. ARTICLE 1197. El prestor a la gruesa puede tomar por su cuenta las pérdidas originating from any one of the causes expressed in the four first paragraphs of the previous article. Pero le es prohibited constituirse responsabile de las occasionadas por las causas que se se expressan en los dos ultimos nueros del mismo article. ARTICLE 1198. The gross giver will contribute in proportion to their interest in paying for common and particular breakdowns that affect the loan's objects. No podrá exonerarse por pacto de la obligación de supportar las árías comunes? pero le es permitido libertarse de la contribution al pago, de las averías particulares. The amount of damages will not be imputed to the capital loan unless the date on which the donor is constituted in mora. ARTICLE 1199. The giver has the right to pay the maritime interest from the moment he begins to run the risk, even if it ceases before the agreed time or the journey ceases, as long as no marine accident has caused the loss of the objects gravados. ARTICLE 1200. The payment of the capital and premium of the loan to the gross sobre el hull y quilla del buque, will be made, in the absence of convention, in the place in which it is found at the time of the cessation of risks, even if that place is not at end of trip Recayendo sobre la carga, se hará el pago en el porto al que ésta fuere destinada. ARTICLE 1201. No estando designated in the policy at the time of repayment, the giver can request the capital and premium if the loan falls on the load, then the risks have ceased to run on their account? y en caso de mora el tomador pagará el interés de plaza sobre el capital prestato. If the loan was made on the ship, the loan provider will not be able to demand payment for a month after the cessation of risks? but during this period the borrower must pay the current land interest on the loan amount. Machine Translated by Google The lender will also subscribe to the giver of the interest expressed, sobre la quantity a que cienda el procho marítimo, desde la fecha de demanda judicial. ARTICLE 1202. The gross amounts on the ship for its last voyage will be reimbursed in preference to those borrowed for the previous ones, even if they are left in the power of the borrower via extension or renewal. Los loans a la gruesa celebrated during the voyage will be preferred to los hechos antes de salida del buque? y concurriendo muchos, contratados en diversas épocas del miso viaje, serán preferedos entre sí por el orden inverso de sus respective fechas. Those contracted in the same place and to subvenir a las mismas necesidades will be paid pro rata, without regard to their date. ARTICLE 1203. Gross loans made on the cargo do not have any preference between them and will be paid a salary at any time of the celebration and even when the facts during the trip have the purpose of increasing the load. (6) ARTICLE 1204. Concurriendo un loan a la gruesa, taken antes del voyage, y un seguro sobre el buque o carga, el producto de los objetos salvedos de un iniestro major, deducidos los costos del salvamento y los salaries del captain y crewación, será dividido sueldo a libra entre el lender por su capital y el insurador por la quantity insured, siempre que ésta cupiere, al tiempo de celebrarse el seguro, en valor libre de los objetos gravadas. (6) In the opposite case, the insurer will only pay the proportional part to the rest of the value of the thing insured, after the express deduction. ARTICLE 1205. Celebrating two loans a la gruesa, one on the hull and keel and the other on one or more objetos accesorios del buque, both lenders will have the right to the freight of the salvaged goods in proportion to the value of the vessel and the objetos accesorios. ARTICLE 1206. The actions of the giver are extinguished by the total loss of the objects affected by the maritime loan, occurring in the place and time agreed upon to run the risks and proceeding with those that he would have taken to his charge by agreement or should have taken by virtue of the law . Entiéndese por lugar convenido el buque, el viaje y la ruta que designe la poliza. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1207. In the first case referred to in the second paragraph of article 1184, the partial loss extinguishes the actions of the giver up to the amount of the product of the salvaged objects, after deducting the cost of the salvage and the salaries of the captain and crew. In the second case of the aforementioned paragraph, the actions of the giver are also extinguished up to the amount that corresponds to the product of the salvaged objects in competition with the borrower, representing the first his capital only and the second the amount that completes the value of the objetos gravados. ARTICLE 1208. The gross loan will not have any effect if the objects on which it falls are not in danger, either by the borrower or by chance or force. In the first case, the lender can demand the return of the capital with the current land interest from the day of delivery. In the second, you can demand the repayment of the capital with the current interest of the market since the borrower is constituted in mora. The restitution of capital and interests will be made with the corresponding preference. ARTICLE 1209. Discharging the borrower during the journey part of the merchandise affected by the loan for having expressly reserved the faculty to do so, the giver will not be able to pursue those merchandise if after their disembarkation a major accident occurs? but he will have the right to demand from the tomador the justification of what Article 1212 deals with. If the remaining goods are of a value inferior to the loan amount, the giver may demand the proportional termination of the loan. ARTICLE 1210. Saving all or partially the things affected by the gross loan, the borrower will pay the lender the capital with the stipulated premium, in the form, place and time that determine articles 1167, 1200 and 1201. ARTICLE 1211. If the ship or cargo affects the loan sufrieren un siniestro major, the tomador will be obliged, bajo responsabilidad de daños y perjuicios, to communicate it to the giver as soon as the event comes to his knowledge. He must also practice all the diligences conducive to the salvage of the ship at the cost of the objects recorded, as long as they are located in a place close to the disaster, and if he does not verify it, he will be responsible for all damages and losses that his negligence causes to the provider. Machine Translated by Google ARTICLE 1212. The proof of the loss of the loaded objects rests with the borrower, and if the loan was made on the cargo, he also has to believe that at the time of the accident they existed in the ship for his account of merchandise of a value equivalent to the sum lent and that corrieron los riesgos. The giver is not obliged to justify that the amount provided has been usefully employed by the borrower. ARTICLE 1213. El tercero que en el caso de un siniestro mayor paga deudas preferidas a las procedencias de un loan, a la gruesa queda subrogado de pleno derecho al creditor paida. TITLE VIII Of the prescription of the obligations of maritime commerce and of the exception of inadmissibility of some special actions CHAPTER I Of the prescription ARTICLE 1308. Prescriben en seis meses las actions para el cobro del pasaje, de los fletes del buque y de la contribution a las árías comunes. The six months beginning to run in the first case from the arrival of the ship, and in the second and third from the effective delivery of the merchandise that owes the freight and the contribution? but if the captain judicially requests the repair of the fault, the indicated time will run from the termination of the trial. ARTICLE 1309. They prescribe in one year the actions directed to obtaining the payment: 1º-De los suppliés de maderas y demás objetos necesarios para aprovisionar el buque? 2º-De los salaries owed to the artisans and workers for trabajos made in the construction and repair of the ship or of the price of the works destined to the service of the same ship? 3º-De los alimentos o dinero suppositidos a la crewación por order del capitán? 4º-De los salarios gratificaciones debidas a los sobrecargo, oficiales y tripulación del buque. En el miso tiempo prescribes the action directed to obtener la delivery de la carga. ARTICLE 1310. In the three first cases of the previous article, the year will be counted respectively from the moment the species were delivered or from the time the service was performed, for which Machine Translated by Google será necesario que el buque haya estado estadoado por espacio de fifteen días dentro del miso año en el porto where the debt was contracted. En el caso contrario, los creedores conservarán su acción, aun después de vencido el año, hasta que fondee el buque y quince días más. In the cases expressed in paragraph 4 and in the last paragraph of the same article, the year will run from the time the ship is admitted to libre plática. ARTICLE 1311. Las actions procedings de un loan maritime o de un seguro prescribe en cinco años, counted from the date of the respective contract, without prejudice to the special prescriptions referring to the action of dejación. ARTICLE 1312. The prescription of the action of dejación does not extinguish the action of avería. ARTICLE 1313. The actions that come from the obligations that the present book deals with and that do not have a prescribed term will last for five years. CHAPTER II Of the exception of inadmissibility ARTICLE 1314. They are inadmissible: 1º-La action contra el capitán y aseguradores por la avería particular o común que hubieren sufrido las mercaderías, siempre que sean recibidas sin protesta? 2º-La action de avería contra el fletador, siempre que el capitán entregue las mercaderías y reciba el flete without protestar? 3º-The action directed to resarcimiento de la avería causeda por abordaje, si el capitán no hubiere protestado opportunamente. This provision does not extend to the case that the boarding causes the total loss of the ship. ARTICLE 1315. The protests expressed in the preceding article will not produce any effect: Machine Translated by Google 1º-Si no veuren hechas y notificadas dentro de setenta y dos horas en los casos designosados en los dos primeros incisos y de veinticuatro en el que designa el tercero? 2º-Si hechas y notificadas en los plazos indicados no se entablare demanda dentro de dos meses counted since the date of the respective protest. ARTICLE 1316. Haciendo por partes la entrega de mercaderías visibly damaged, las senta y dos horas se contarán desde que dicha entrega quede entirely concluida. In any case, if the defect is not visible, the time will run from the moment the goods are sold ingresen al almach del asegurado. Si la apertura de los bultos en la Aduana in presencia del insurado, o un accidente cualquiera conocido por éste, manifestare la existencia de la avería antes de que las merchandiserías hubieren sido Introducidas a sus almacenes, the express time will run from the discovery of the breakdown. ARTICLE 1317. Las twenty-four hours will run in the case of boarding, sea cual fuere el place where it happened, desde el primer momento en que el capitán pueda protestar. ARTICLE 1318. The insurers will not be able to oppose the inadmissibility and expiry of the articles 1224 and y 1225 si antes de la entrega las mercaderías veren vendidas a solicitud de algun acreedor del asegurado. But they can oppose them habiendo entrega y recibo de merchandiserías, sea cual fuere la action a que dé lugar el daño que éstas hubieren sufrido. ARTICLE 1319. Nor can the charterer allege the exceptions that establish articles 1224 v 1225 if found en el buque al tiempo del siniestro, hubiere firmado el acta de echazón o si antes ele recibir las mercaderías y pagar el flete hubiere convenido por escrito con el capitán en el arrego de la avería. (1) Articles 377 y 1133 del Código Civil. (2) El Capítulo XII, Título II del Reglamento para el Gobierno y Policía de los puertos de la República contienen las dispositions relativas a la matrícula e inscripción de buques y el subsiguiente lo que se refers to the flagging of the mismos. Tomo 38, página 381, y véase el Decreto gubernativo 1355 y los acuerdo de 1º y 12 de enero de 1933 en el Tomo 51, páginas 517, 1023 y 1030. (3) Expresión con que se explicata la proportion con que se reputa una cosa según lo que corresponde al capital cada Diccionario que Castellana.one tiene. de la Lengua (4) The Regulation for exercising the pilot office is contained in the agreement of July 1, 1906. Tomo 27, página 96, y véase el Capítulo IX, Titulo II del Reglamento para el Gobierno y Policía de los Puertos de República, Tomola 378. 58, page (5) Expresión con que se explicata la proportion con que se reputa una cosa según lo que corresponde al capital Diccionario each que Castellana. one tiene. de la Lengua Machine Translated by Google (6) "Sueldo a libra", expression con que se explicata la proportion con que se reputa una cosa según lo que corresponde al capital que cada uno tiene. Diccionario de la Lengua Castellana.